Canalization, Genetic Assimilation and Preadaptation: A
... were a condition in which any of these would be adaptive, we should expect it to be quite different from the condition that is specifically required to induce the given variation directly. Thus, if certain extreme situations become recurrent or permanent, any phenotypic change that they could cause ...
... were a condition in which any of these would be adaptive, we should expect it to be quite different from the condition that is specifically required to induce the given variation directly. Thus, if certain extreme situations become recurrent or permanent, any phenotypic change that they could cause ...
Parallel trait adaptation across opposing thermal environments in
... 1. Prior to the phenotypic assays, all populations were subjected to two generations in a CGE that consequently standardized both the environmental and trans-generational effects. Populations in the CGE were maintained under the standard culture conditions used in the experimental environments with ...
... 1. Prior to the phenotypic assays, all populations were subjected to two generations in a CGE that consequently standardized both the environmental and trans-generational effects. Populations in the CGE were maintained under the standard culture conditions used in the experimental environments with ...
1 Of Mice and Metaphysics: Natural Selection and Realized
... Ariew 2002, 81). Stochastic properties belong to statistical populations and are not causally efficacious. For example, it is perfectly mathematically or formally legitimate to calculate stochastic/metrical properties of the statistical population of all the moths alive in 1945 or 1951 in Australia ...
... Ariew 2002, 81). Stochastic properties belong to statistical populations and are not causally efficacious. For example, it is perfectly mathematically or formally legitimate to calculate stochastic/metrical properties of the statistical population of all the moths alive in 1945 or 1951 in Australia ...
Temperature-Related Genetic Changes in Laboratory Populations of
... have also evolved for wing length that are morphologically equivalent to the original cline in the Old World; however, fifth and finally, the underlying details by which the body size clines were achieved—either the cellular basis of different size clines (Calboli et al. 2003a) or the particular win ...
... have also evolved for wing length that are morphologically equivalent to the original cline in the Old World; however, fifth and finally, the underlying details by which the body size clines were achieved—either the cellular basis of different size clines (Calboli et al. 2003a) or the particular win ...
Problems for Natural Selection as a Mechanism
... But gene expression is not analogous to natural selection. For one, schema instantiation occurred in the case of gene expression as the field of genetics matured. The original schema or sketch comes from the field’s infancy; as technology developed and knowledge accrued, research progressed in ways ...
... But gene expression is not analogous to natural selection. For one, schema instantiation occurred in the case of gene expression as the field of genetics matured. The original schema or sketch comes from the field’s infancy; as technology developed and knowledge accrued, research progressed in ways ...
Genetic correlations between adults and larvae in a marine fish
... partially depend on the body size of adult females. To our knowledge, existing measures of phenotypic correlations do not separate genetic resemblance from sizedependent maternal effects, and the actual magnitudes of size-dependent maternal effects are unclear. However, the presence of strong phenot ...
... partially depend on the body size of adult females. To our knowledge, existing measures of phenotypic correlations do not separate genetic resemblance from sizedependent maternal effects, and the actual magnitudes of size-dependent maternal effects are unclear. However, the presence of strong phenot ...
Evolution - Krishikosh
... directions in which he tries to make advances. (We may go so far as this without accepting the Marxist doctrine that the advances of science are entirely directed towards economic ends.) Further the general atmosphere of thought, both within and outside science, to a large extent determines the reco ...
... directions in which he tries to make advances. (We may go so far as this without accepting the Marxist doctrine that the advances of science are entirely directed towards economic ends.) Further the general atmosphere of thought, both within and outside science, to a large extent determines the reco ...
Pollen limitation and its influence on natural selection through seed set
... and among species, we found support for a general positive association between natural selection and population-level pollen limitation. Within L. cardinalis, data from two US populations and one Canadian population over 3 years found that selection gradients, |bn|, increased with pollen limitation ...
... and among species, we found support for a general positive association between natural selection and population-level pollen limitation. Within L. cardinalis, data from two US populations and one Canadian population over 3 years found that selection gradients, |bn|, increased with pollen limitation ...
Phenotypic plasticity in evolutionary rescue experiments
... genetic evolution on demography and extinction in a changing environment [14,15], but they do not specifically address adaptation to a sudden environmental change. The quantitative predictions of this model rely on a number of assumptions, notably (i) linear reaction norms, (ii) substantial polymorp ...
... genetic evolution on demography and extinction in a changing environment [14,15], but they do not specifically address adaptation to a sudden environmental change. The quantitative predictions of this model rely on a number of assumptions, notably (i) linear reaction norms, (ii) substantial polymorp ...
The Growth of Structural and Functional Complexity
... It may still be objected that distinction and connection are in general not given, objective properties. Variety and constraint will depend upon what is distinguished by the observer, and in realistically complex systems determining what to distinguish is a far from trivial matter. What the observer ...
... It may still be objected that distinction and connection are in general not given, objective properties. Variety and constraint will depend upon what is distinguished by the observer, and in realistically complex systems determining what to distinguish is a far from trivial matter. What the observer ...
plants are more than the sum of their parts
... some taxa, is that flowers are not single fully integrated units. Rather, the multiple functions of the flower are each performed by distinct suites of integrated characters that share a common function but are independent of sets of structures with alternative functions, that is, floral variation/c ...
... some taxa, is that flowers are not single fully integrated units. Rather, the multiple functions of the flower are each performed by distinct suites of integrated characters that share a common function but are independent of sets of structures with alternative functions, that is, floral variation/c ...
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION AND LOCAL ADAPTATION
... or three zones, and assumed that selection is uniform within a zone. With two and three zones, we assumed the zone boundaries run east–west, and allowed the locations of the boundaries to be variables in the model. Viability selection is soft, and so the number of surviving adults in a deme is indep ...
... or three zones, and assumed that selection is uniform within a zone. With two and three zones, we assumed the zone boundaries run east–west, and allowed the locations of the boundaries to be variables in the model. Viability selection is soft, and so the number of surviving adults in a deme is indep ...
Robustness and Evolvability
... Canalization and decanalization: canalization is biological robustness that evolves in the context of developmental processes [24]. Robustness or canalization is the extent to which phenotypes remain constant in the face of specified environmental and/or genetic perturbations. Decanalization is the ...
... Canalization and decanalization: canalization is biological robustness that evolves in the context of developmental processes [24]. Robustness or canalization is the extent to which phenotypes remain constant in the face of specified environmental and/or genetic perturbations. Decanalization is the ...
variations in variation and selection: the ubiquity
... solution are in thermal and convective motion that changes their positions and orientations in a manner that is blind to the potentialities of crystal formation. The crystal already formed provides absorbing conditions for those atoms or molecules in solution in the sense that any atom or molecule t ...
... solution are in thermal and convective motion that changes their positions and orientations in a manner that is blind to the potentialities of crystal formation. The crystal already formed provides absorbing conditions for those atoms or molecules in solution in the sense that any atom or molecule t ...
Niche construction in evolutionary theory: the construction
... of standard evolutionary theory and that niche construction deserves to be treated as a significant ...
... of standard evolutionary theory and that niche construction deserves to be treated as a significant ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, Fifth Edition
... Darwin's experiences during the voyage helped him frame his ideas about evolution Lyell's Principles of Geology led him to realize that still-operating natural forces gradually change EarthPOP GEN & EVOL LECTURE 1 27th January 2016 ...
... Darwin's experiences during the voyage helped him frame his ideas about evolution Lyell's Principles of Geology led him to realize that still-operating natural forces gradually change EarthPOP GEN & EVOL LECTURE 1 27th January 2016 ...
Mating type and pheromone genes in the species complex: an evolutionary perspective
... group of morphologically similar filamentous Ascomycetes in the genus Fusarium. This complex has been of much interest to plant pathology as it includes many serious plantpathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Some species in the G. fujikuroi complex are not easily distinguished from one anothe ...
... group of morphologically similar filamentous Ascomycetes in the genus Fusarium. This complex has been of much interest to plant pathology as it includes many serious plantpathogenic and mycotoxin producing species. Some species in the G. fujikuroi complex are not easily distinguished from one anothe ...
Niches in evolutionary theories of technical change
... sociotechnical regime emerges and eventually substitutes for the old one. Due to its gradual character, such a regime transformation is sometimes hard to discern, and may appear as optimization. A strong indication for a transformation is whether it is possible to establish ex-post a substantial cha ...
... sociotechnical regime emerges and eventually substitutes for the old one. Due to its gradual character, such a regime transformation is sometimes hard to discern, and may appear as optimization. A strong indication for a transformation is whether it is possible to establish ex-post a substantial cha ...
1 to appear in R. Singh, D. Paul, C. Krimbas, and J. Beatty (eds
... the more recent paper, they “turn critics.” Should fitness be defined in terms of a one-generation time frame -- why focus on expected number of offspring, rather than grandoffspring, or more distant descendants still? And is the concept of mathematical expectation the right one to use? The details ...
... the more recent paper, they “turn critics.” Should fitness be defined in terms of a one-generation time frame -- why focus on expected number of offspring, rather than grandoffspring, or more distant descendants still? And is the concept of mathematical expectation the right one to use? The details ...
Formalizing Darwinism and inclusive fitness theory
... Darwin’s Origins of species was published 150 years and 10 months ago and brought fully within the ambit of science subjects such as anatomy and physiology. A conference on optimal wing design, or comparative renal morphology, would certainly have fitted that 150-year anniversary. However, the Evolu ...
... Darwin’s Origins of species was published 150 years and 10 months ago and brought fully within the ambit of science subjects such as anatomy and physiology. A conference on optimal wing design, or comparative renal morphology, would certainly have fitted that 150-year anniversary. However, the Evolu ...
Adaptive Speciation: Epilogue
... come from theoretical developments which show that speciation in sympatry, that is, under conditions of ecological contact, is an entirely plausible evolutionary scenario. Models of adaptive speciation show that many types of frequency-dependent biological interactions can readily cause the dynamic ...
... come from theoretical developments which show that speciation in sympatry, that is, under conditions of ecological contact, is an entirely plausible evolutionary scenario. Models of adaptive speciation show that many types of frequency-dependent biological interactions can readily cause the dynamic ...
Patterns and Power of Phenotypic Selection in Nature
... An alternative approach to estimating selection, dubbed “phenotypic engineering,” involves experimentally manipulating phenotypic traits and evaluating the effects of the manipulation on subsequent fitness in natural environments, relative to appropriate controls (Sinervo and Basolo 1996). This meth ...
... An alternative approach to estimating selection, dubbed “phenotypic engineering,” involves experimentally manipulating phenotypic traits and evaluating the effects of the manipulation on subsequent fitness in natural environments, relative to appropriate controls (Sinervo and Basolo 1996). This meth ...
Adaptation and The Origin of Species.
... cess itself, viewing it as a later stage in a continuum from adaptive divergence among ‘varieties’ within species.” How could the same person who made the most significant contribution in the history of evolutionary biology, that is, the theory of natural selection, utterly fail to appreciate specie ...
... cess itself, viewing it as a later stage in a continuum from adaptive divergence among ‘varieties’ within species.” How could the same person who made the most significant contribution in the history of evolutionary biology, that is, the theory of natural selection, utterly fail to appreciate specie ...
Adaptive divergence, genetic connectivity, and post
... and disparity in higher taxa). As such, an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms for speciation is essential to an enhanced understanding of biodiversity and how best to conserve it. ...
... and disparity in higher taxa). As such, an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms for speciation is essential to an enhanced understanding of biodiversity and how best to conserve it. ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.