Evolutionary Search on Fitness Landscapes with Neutral Networks
... In the field of search and optimisation every theorist and practitioner should be aware of the socalled No Free Lunch Theorems (Wolpert & Macready, 1997) which imply that given any optimisation algorithm, should that algorithm perform better than random search on some class of problems, then there i ...
... In the field of search and optimisation every theorist and practitioner should be aware of the socalled No Free Lunch Theorems (Wolpert & Macready, 1997) which imply that given any optimisation algorithm, should that algorithm perform better than random search on some class of problems, then there i ...
From the "Modern Synthesis" to cybernetics: Ivan Ivanovich
... biology unprecedented since the time immediately following the publication of Darwin’s ‘‘Origin of Species’’, ‘‘caused’’ by convergence and unification of the contributions to evolutionary thought coming from various biologic disciplines. [y] Genetics, systematics, comparative morphology and embryol ...
... biology unprecedented since the time immediately following the publication of Darwin’s ‘‘Origin of Species’’, ‘‘caused’’ by convergence and unification of the contributions to evolutionary thought coming from various biologic disciplines. [y] Genetics, systematics, comparative morphology and embryol ...
Increasing Evolvability without the Pressure to Adapt
... selection pressure [1–8], reflecting natural selection’s significant explanatory power in other contexts. For example, selection on mutation or recombination rates [2], species-level selection to adapt [1,3], selection for stability of evolved structures [3,8], and persisting through fluctuating sel ...
... selection pressure [1–8], reflecting natural selection’s significant explanatory power in other contexts. For example, selection on mutation or recombination rates [2], species-level selection to adapt [1,3], selection for stability of evolved structures [3,8], and persisting through fluctuating sel ...
Free Sample
... TOP: 1.1 WHAT IS LIFE? CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS 23. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are examples of ____. a. anabolism b. catabolism c. synthesis d. metabolism e. cleavage ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge | Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension TOP: 1.1 WHAT ...
... TOP: 1.1 WHAT IS LIFE? CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING ORGANISMS 23. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are examples of ____. a. anabolism b. catabolism c. synthesis d. metabolism e. cleavage ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult OBJ: Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge | Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension TOP: 1.1 WHAT ...
Veblen and Darwinism
... on the faith that nothing happens without a cause and that every cause has an effect’. This applies to human intentionality as well as everything else. Contrary to widespread belief, causal explanation does not mean that intentions are ignored in Darwinism; it simply means that they are caused, and ...
... on the faith that nothing happens without a cause and that every cause has an effect’. This applies to human intentionality as well as everything else. Contrary to widespread belief, causal explanation does not mean that intentions are ignored in Darwinism; it simply means that they are caused, and ...
Evolution Unit Practice Test
... ____ 17. Because all members of a population can interbreed, biologists often study their genes as a single group. __________________ ____ 18. Most differences which can passed to offspring are due to genetic recombination that occurs during asexual reproduction. ______________________ ____ 19. Mut ...
... ____ 17. Because all members of a population can interbreed, biologists often study their genes as a single group. __________________ ____ 18. Most differences which can passed to offspring are due to genetic recombination that occurs during asexual reproduction. ______________________ ____ 19. Mut ...
The evolution of conspecific gamete precedence and its effect on
... solid arrows represent associations that form within each subsystem or if the subsystems are evolving in isolation from one another. The dashed arrows represent associations that will form only when the starred (*) association exists because of selection at both of the sets of incompatibility loci ( ...
... solid arrows represent associations that form within each subsystem or if the subsystems are evolving in isolation from one another. The dashed arrows represent associations that will form only when the starred (*) association exists because of selection at both of the sets of incompatibility loci ( ...
Ecological Speciation
... 2. Models for Progress toward Ecological Speciation Terminological issues have long bedevilled communication among researchers working on speciation. D. J. Funk addresses this topic by first clarifying the relationship between sympatric speciation (whereby reproductively isolated populations evolve f ...
... 2. Models for Progress toward Ecological Speciation Terminological issues have long bedevilled communication among researchers working on speciation. D. J. Funk addresses this topic by first clarifying the relationship between sympatric speciation (whereby reproductively isolated populations evolve f ...
Epigenetic Inheritance and Its Role in Evolutionary Biology: Re
... according to the PubMed database, nearly 50,000 papers referencing “epigenetics” have been published to date, with >19,000 published just since 2013. The areas of the life sciences where epigenetics is influencing disciplinary thought are widespread, but not necessarily evenly spread, between the va ...
... according to the PubMed database, nearly 50,000 papers referencing “epigenetics” have been published to date, with >19,000 published just since 2013. The areas of the life sciences where epigenetics is influencing disciplinary thought are widespread, but not necessarily evenly spread, between the va ...
The evolution of lactase persistence
... ain, and gradually decreases towards eastern and southern areas of the continent, where frequencies can be as low as 15%, like in southern Italy and Greece (Figure 1). In Portugal, the frequency of lactase persistence, based on allele frequencies estimates, is about 60% (Coelho et al., 2005), in pac ...
... ain, and gradually decreases towards eastern and southern areas of the continent, where frequencies can be as low as 15%, like in southern Italy and Greece (Figure 1). In Portugal, the frequency of lactase persistence, based on allele frequencies estimates, is about 60% (Coelho et al., 2005), in pac ...
Document
... • Darwin was influenced by Lyell’s Principles of Geology and thought that the earth was more than 6000 years old. Lyell believed that change was constant over time and that the same mechanisms were still going on today. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cumming ...
... • Darwin was influenced by Lyell’s Principles of Geology and thought that the earth was more than 6000 years old. Lyell believed that change was constant over time and that the same mechanisms were still going on today. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cumming ...
SUSTAINABLE EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS AND SCALABLE
... dynamic system synthesis as benchmark problems. For the issue of balanced topology and parameter search in evolutionary synthesis, an effective technique named Structure Fitness Sharing (SFS) is proposed to maintain topology search capability. For the representation issue in evolutionary synthesis, ...
... dynamic system synthesis as benchmark problems. For the issue of balanced topology and parameter search in evolutionary synthesis, an effective technique named Structure Fitness Sharing (SFS) is proposed to maintain topology search capability. For the representation issue in evolutionary synthesis, ...
The Chances of Evolution: An Analysis of the Roles of Chance in
... reason to favor one side over the other. Instead, I will argue that a more philosophically defensible position argues neither for the fundamental determinacy nor indeterminacy of the evolutionary process. However, I suggest that even without making these kinds of empirical claims concerning the det ...
... reason to favor one side over the other. Instead, I will argue that a more philosophically defensible position argues neither for the fundamental determinacy nor indeterminacy of the evolutionary process. However, I suggest that even without making these kinds of empirical claims concerning the det ...
Is Organismic Fitness at the Basis of Evolutionary Theory?
... will ultimately depend on some concept of individual fitness.10 The conceptual dependence of (TF1) on individual fitness is nearly trivial – if trait fitness simply is the average of individual fitness values, then individual fitness is assuredly the conceptually fundamental notion for (TF1). On (T ...
... will ultimately depend on some concept of individual fitness.10 The conceptual dependence of (TF1) on individual fitness is nearly trivial – if trait fitness simply is the average of individual fitness values, then individual fitness is assuredly the conceptually fundamental notion for (TF1). On (T ...
Geographically patterned variation in diapause and its relationship
... be caused by such factors as allometry, pleiotropy and linkage between the loci underlying traits. This critique coincided with growing awareness of Neutral Theory and increased understanding that much biological diversity does not evolve by natural selection (Kimura and Crow, 1964). Evolutionary bi ...
... be caused by such factors as allometry, pleiotropy and linkage between the loci underlying traits. This critique coincided with growing awareness of Neutral Theory and increased understanding that much biological diversity does not evolve by natural selection (Kimura and Crow, 1964). Evolutionary bi ...
speciation on the coasts of the new world: phylogeography
... rest of the species are arranged in an Atlantic clade composed of L. williamsi and L. variegatus, and a Pacific clade containing L. anamesus, L. pictus, L. semituberculatus, and L. panamensis. Divergence between these clades suggests that they were separated no later than the closure of the Isthmus ...
... rest of the species are arranged in an Atlantic clade composed of L. williamsi and L. variegatus, and a Pacific clade containing L. anamesus, L. pictus, L. semituberculatus, and L. panamensis. Divergence between these clades suggests that they were separated no later than the closure of the Isthmus ...
The Elusive Clone – In Search of Its True Nature and Identity
... in Wageningen in 2001. At that meeting, it was thought that it should provide the long-needed update on parthenogenesis and its genetic and ecological consequences, but that it should also look at the paradox of sex from an asexual perspective. Already then, it was decided to only focus on eukaryote ...
... in Wageningen in 2001. At that meeting, it was thought that it should provide the long-needed update on parthenogenesis and its genetic and ecological consequences, but that it should also look at the paradox of sex from an asexual perspective. Already then, it was decided to only focus on eukaryote ...
Adaptive landscapes - BOA Bicocca Open Archive
... most fascinating cases of evolution require epistemological pluralism, mainly intended as articulation between ways of looking, each typical of some disciplinary fields (and not others); and that pluralism is not easy “anything goes”, demanding rigor and imagination, exercise and flexibility. Eldred ...
... most fascinating cases of evolution require epistemological pluralism, mainly intended as articulation between ways of looking, each typical of some disciplinary fields (and not others); and that pluralism is not easy “anything goes”, demanding rigor and imagination, exercise and flexibility. Eldred ...
Chapter 6: The survival value approach
... have a lower fitness if they would not produce that effect. If the heart did not propagate the blood, the organisms that have it would survive less well. Survival value accounts are offered by John Canfield (1964, 1965), William Wimsatt (1972), Michael Ruse (1973), John Bigelow and Robert Pargetter ...
... have a lower fitness if they would not produce that effect. If the heart did not propagate the blood, the organisms that have it would survive less well. Survival value accounts are offered by John Canfield (1964, 1965), William Wimsatt (1972), Michael Ruse (1973), John Bigelow and Robert Pargetter ...
Iterative development and the scope for plasticity: contrasts
... This is of course, a contrast of extremes. Some clonal organisms exhibit relatively rapid morphological responses to changing environments (Tollrian and Harvell, 1999), and some non-clonal organisms can reverse the development of morphological structures (Ebert et al., 2014 for review). Equally, man ...
... This is of course, a contrast of extremes. Some clonal organisms exhibit relatively rapid morphological responses to changing environments (Tollrian and Harvell, 1999), and some non-clonal organisms can reverse the development of morphological structures (Ebert et al., 2014 for review). Equally, man ...
Why Natural Selection cannot Explain Rationality
... environmental/informational constraint assumption, rationality is part of the organism that is subject to selection. For nature to determine which speed is a better technology (lineage), one must assume that each organism is implementing the given technology according to the same degree of rationali ...
... environmental/informational constraint assumption, rationality is part of the organism that is subject to selection. For nature to determine which speed is a better technology (lineage), one must assume that each organism is implementing the given technology according to the same degree of rationali ...
EXAM APPENDIX
... Describe “Guinea Worm,” including the countries where human infections are still occurring, the impact on the human body, and how infection by the parasite can be avoided. Describe human genetics, including number of chromosomes and the roles of meiosis, fertilization, and mitosis. Provide examples ...
... Describe “Guinea Worm,” including the countries where human infections are still occurring, the impact on the human body, and how infection by the parasite can be avoided. Describe human genetics, including number of chromosomes and the roles of meiosis, fertilization, and mitosis. Provide examples ...
The nature of developmental constraints and the difference
... The more generations into the future we look, the broader the possibilities will be for any population. Just how many generations down the line should we think about when talking about constraints? There are a number of options here, but I shall raise one concern that if we look more than one genera ...
... The more generations into the future we look, the broader the possibilities will be for any population. Just how many generations down the line should we think about when talking about constraints? There are a number of options here, but I shall raise one concern that if we look more than one genera ...
The Evolution of Aging 3
... characteristic, an adaptation of organism design, which had an evolutionary purpose. Darwin had previously suggested that aging was an evolved characteristic despite conflicts with Darwinian evolutionary mechanics. Many current theorists have discarded adaptive theories of aging using one or more of ...
... characteristic, an adaptation of organism design, which had an evolutionary purpose. Darwin had previously suggested that aging was an evolved characteristic despite conflicts with Darwinian evolutionary mechanics. Many current theorists have discarded adaptive theories of aging using one or more of ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.