individual variation in mammals
... exchange as a function of water availability-Schmidt-Nielsen et aI., 1957). In addition, age by genotype and environment by genotype interactions are probably common. Ontogenetic or environmental effects on traits should prompt investigators to reassess how they define traits, so that their subseque ...
... exchange as a function of water availability-Schmidt-Nielsen et aI., 1957). In addition, age by genotype and environment by genotype interactions are probably common. Ontogenetic or environmental effects on traits should prompt investigators to reassess how they define traits, so that their subseque ...
Coyne et al 1997 Evolution 51:643
... regions surrounding the small portion of the field which it occupies. To evolve, the species must not be under strict control of natural selection. Is there such a trial and error mechanism? (Wright 1932, pp. 358-359) During the Modern Synthesis, evolutionary views of adaptation coalesced into two c ...
... regions surrounding the small portion of the field which it occupies. To evolve, the species must not be under strict control of natural selection. Is there such a trial and error mechanism? (Wright 1932, pp. 358-359) During the Modern Synthesis, evolutionary views of adaptation coalesced into two c ...
Evolutionary Dynamics as a Component of Stage
... population trajectory of an herbaceous perennial understory plant Trillium grandiflorum. Prior study has revealed that populations of this species are declining due to deer herbivory (Knight 2004). Here we show that deer selectively consume early-flowering individuals. Flowering time is known to hav ...
... population trajectory of an herbaceous perennial understory plant Trillium grandiflorum. Prior study has revealed that populations of this species are declining due to deer herbivory (Knight 2004). Here we show that deer selectively consume early-flowering individuals. Flowering time is known to hav ...
Negative frequency-dependent selection is frequently confounding
... ambiguous, complex, and even controversial as a result of differing applications in both theoretical and empirical work [36]. Even some of the greatest thinkers in evolutionary biology have explained scenarios where the selective values of alleles are independent of their relative abundance through ...
... ambiguous, complex, and even controversial as a result of differing applications in both theoretical and empirical work [36]. Even some of the greatest thinkers in evolutionary biology have explained scenarios where the selective values of alleles are independent of their relative abundance through ...
Negative frequency-dependent selection is frequently
... ambiguous, complex, and even controversial as a result of differing applications in both theoretical and empirical work [36]. Even some of the greatest thinkers in evolutionary biology have explained scenarios where the selective values of alleles are independent of their relative abundance through ...
... ambiguous, complex, and even controversial as a result of differing applications in both theoretical and empirical work [36]. Even some of the greatest thinkers in evolutionary biology have explained scenarios where the selective values of alleles are independent of their relative abundance through ...
Drift and “Statistically Abstractive Explanation”
... earlier work (Sober 1980, 370) where he contrasts two different causal analyses of variation within a population. In a “typological” analysis, groups of individuals of the same kind are impelled by the essence of their kind toward certain shared traits. However, because of certain local disturbances ...
... earlier work (Sober 1980, 370) where he contrasts two different causal analyses of variation within a population. In a “typological” analysis, groups of individuals of the same kind are impelled by the essence of their kind toward certain shared traits. However, because of certain local disturbances ...
Evolution Exam
... 6. The book Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell described how changes in land formations can cause species to evolve. ...
... 6. The book Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell described how changes in land formations can cause species to evolve. ...
evolutionary theory and biodiversity
... • James Hutton (1726–1797) and charles lyell (1797–1875) studied the forces of wind, water, earthquakes, and volcanoes. They concluded that the Earth is very old and has changed slowly over time due to natural processes. • erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) suggested that competition between individuals cou ...
... • James Hutton (1726–1797) and charles lyell (1797–1875) studied the forces of wind, water, earthquakes, and volcanoes. They concluded that the Earth is very old and has changed slowly over time due to natural processes. • erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) suggested that competition between individuals cou ...
A multispecies approach for comparing sequence evolution of X
... (Received 21 May 2008 and in revised form 2 September 2008 ) ...
... (Received 21 May 2008 and in revised form 2 September 2008 ) ...
Individual pollen limitation, phylogeny and selection
... limitation? As conventionally measured, pollen limitation is a population property based on the average seed production, W , of naturally (nat) and fully hand-pollinated (hp) plants and is quantified as PL ¼ 1 W nat =W hp . Pollen limitation thus describes the mean proportional reduction in seed n ...
... limitation? As conventionally measured, pollen limitation is a population property based on the average seed production, W , of naturally (nat) and fully hand-pollinated (hp) plants and is quantified as PL ¼ 1 W nat =W hp . Pollen limitation thus describes the mean proportional reduction in seed n ...
Topic 13-Evolution & Darwin`s Theory
... • Darwin reasoned that natural selection – Results in favored traits being represented more and more and unfavored ones less and less in ensuing generations of organisms ...
... • Darwin reasoned that natural selection – Results in favored traits being represented more and more and unfavored ones less and less in ensuing generations of organisms ...
Ch.13 Textbook PowerPoint
... • Darwin reasoned that natural selection – Results in favored traits being represented more and more and unfavored ones less and less in ensuing generations of organisms ...
... • Darwin reasoned that natural selection – Results in favored traits being represented more and more and unfavored ones less and less in ensuing generations of organisms ...
Evolutionary Mismatch And What To Do About It: A Basic Tutorial
... experienced as hunter-gatherers in small-scale societies only ten to fifteen thousand years ago ({Barkow, 1992 #30}). Some genetic evolution has taken place during this period ({Cochran, 2009 #145}) and cultural change is itself an evolutionary process that adapts us to our environments ({Jablonka, ...
... experienced as hunter-gatherers in small-scale societies only ten to fifteen thousand years ago ({Barkow, 1992 #30}). Some genetic evolution has taken place during this period ({Cochran, 2009 #145}) and cultural change is itself an evolutionary process that adapts us to our environments ({Jablonka, ...
The competitive Darwin - Biology Learning Center
... of the powers of competition in driving natural selection. Malthus’s writings seemed to reify the ‘‘struggle for existence’’ for Darwin. Although he remained faithful to Lyell’s term, from then on Darwin saw struggle through Malthus’s eyes. Further, it seems quite likely that Malthus’s work appealed ...
... of the powers of competition in driving natural selection. Malthus’s writings seemed to reify the ‘‘struggle for existence’’ for Darwin. Although he remained faithful to Lyell’s term, from then on Darwin saw struggle through Malthus’s eyes. Further, it seems quite likely that Malthus’s work appealed ...
Neutral Biogeography and the Evolution of Climatic Niches
... in longitude. Each pixel in the lattice had a finite carrying capacity set to 20 individuals, leading to competition for space and hence ecological drift. Simulations were initiated with an empty lattice except for the central pixel, which was at carrying capacity with individuals of the ancestral s ...
... in longitude. Each pixel in the lattice had a finite carrying capacity set to 20 individuals, leading to competition for space and hence ecological drift. Simulations were initiated with an empty lattice except for the central pixel, which was at carrying capacity with individuals of the ancestral s ...
Pollinatormediated selection and experimental manipulation of the
... To ensure that potential selection on flower traits occurred in relation to floral function, we modified traits beyond the range naturally observed in the population. In this way, we tested experimentally whether the floral traits under scrutiny represent relevant characters for pollinator attraction so ...
... To ensure that potential selection on flower traits occurred in relation to floral function, we modified traits beyond the range naturally observed in the population. In this way, we tested experimentally whether the floral traits under scrutiny represent relevant characters for pollinator attraction so ...
Homology and hierarchies - Duke University | Center for Philosophy
... products of systematic work are (I) patterns and distributions of characters (or hypotheses of homology), and (2) arrangements of taxa (branched diagrams or hierarchical listings). A different approach, which I will call the “biological”* approach to homology, is in part 3 “transformationist” in its ...
... products of systematic work are (I) patterns and distributions of characters (or hypotheses of homology), and (2) arrangements of taxa (branched diagrams or hierarchical listings). A different approach, which I will call the “biological”* approach to homology, is in part 3 “transformationist” in its ...
Geographical patterns of adaptation within a species` range
... 7.5, 10 and 20%. Selection (genotype-dependant mortality) precedes density regulation (density-dependent, genotype-independent mortality). In the presented simulations, the level of adaptation does not influence the density of adults per population, which remains constant between generations. Theref ...
... 7.5, 10 and 20%. Selection (genotype-dependant mortality) precedes density regulation (density-dependent, genotype-independent mortality). In the presented simulations, the level of adaptation does not influence the density of adults per population, which remains constant between generations. Theref ...
The impact of translocations on neutral and functional genetic
... directly relevant. Weeks et al. (2011) introduced the concept of ‘genetic capture’, where the minimum number of individuals to translocate is determined by the capture of ≥95% of source population genetic diversity. Models have also been developed to predict allele retention accounting for post-tran ...
... directly relevant. Weeks et al. (2011) introduced the concept of ‘genetic capture’, where the minimum number of individuals to translocate is determined by the capture of ≥95% of source population genetic diversity. Models have also been developed to predict allele retention accounting for post-tran ...
The Contribution of Selection and Genetic Constraints to Phenotypic
... Genetic Constraint and Adaptive Divergence to be proportional to the level of genetic variance (Lande 1979), and any association between the major axes of genetic variance and divergence may therefore be the product of neutral divergence. One way to distinguish between natural selection and genetic ...
... Genetic Constraint and Adaptive Divergence to be proportional to the level of genetic variance (Lande 1979), and any association between the major axes of genetic variance and divergence may therefore be the product of neutral divergence. One way to distinguish between natural selection and genetic ...
Fission and fusion of Darwin`s finches populations
... affects numerous genetic loci. The total effect on continuously varying traits can be up to two or three orders of magnitude greater than mutation (Grant & Grant 1994). Introgression can be particularly effective in small isolated populations, such as those found in archipelagos, or shortly after co ...
... affects numerous genetic loci. The total effect on continuously varying traits can be up to two or three orders of magnitude greater than mutation (Grant & Grant 1994). Introgression can be particularly effective in small isolated populations, such as those found in archipelagos, or shortly after co ...
Fission and fusion of Darwin`s finches populations
... affects numerous genetic loci. The total effect on continuously varying traits can be up to two or three orders of magnitude greater than mutation (Grant & Grant 1994). Introgression can be particularly effective in small isolated populations, such as those found in archipelagos, or shortly after co ...
... affects numerous genetic loci. The total effect on continuously varying traits can be up to two or three orders of magnitude greater than mutation (Grant & Grant 1994). Introgression can be particularly effective in small isolated populations, such as those found in archipelagos, or shortly after co ...
Why do individuals 4 and 5 have G rather than B
... finches, organisms were marked individually. This enabled tracing parent-offspring relations and documenting high heritabilities (e.g., larger-billed individuals produced larger-billed offspring). It was also shown that individuals with, say, larger bills survived and reproduced because of selection ...
... finches, organisms were marked individually. This enabled tracing parent-offspring relations and documenting high heritabilities (e.g., larger-billed individuals produced larger-billed offspring). It was also shown that individuals with, say, larger bills survived and reproduced because of selection ...
Article Reduced Representation Genome
... variance in male reproductive success, including a female-biased adult sex ratio and prominent sexual dimorphism. To explore the potential genomic consequences of such sex differences, we used a reduced representation genome sequencing approach to quantifying polymorphism at sites on autosomes and s ...
... variance in male reproductive success, including a female-biased adult sex ratio and prominent sexual dimorphism. To explore the potential genomic consequences of such sex differences, we used a reduced representation genome sequencing approach to quantifying polymorphism at sites on autosomes and s ...
Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including the levels of species, individual organisms, and molecules.All of life on earth shares a common ancestor known as the last universal ancestor, which lived approximately 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. Repeated formation of new species (speciation), change within species (anagenesis), and loss of species (extinction) throughout the evolutionary history of life on Earth are demonstrated by shared sets of morphological and biochemical traits, including shared DNA sequences. These shared traits are more similar among species that share a more recent common ancestor, and can be used to reconstruct a biological ""tree of life"" based on evolutionary relationships (phylogenetics), using both existing species and fossils. The fossil record includes a progression from early biogenic graphite, to microbial mat fossils, to fossilized multicellular organisms. Existing patterns of biodiversity have been shaped both by speciation and by extinction. More than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth are estimated to be extinct. Estimates of Earth's current species range from 10 to 14 million, of which about 1.2 million have been documented.In the mid-19th century, Charles Darwin formulated the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection, published in his book On the Origin of Species (1859). Evolution by natural selection is a process demonstrated by the observation that more offspring are produced than can possibly survive, along with three facts about populations: 1) traits vary among individuals with respect to morphology, physiology, and behaviour (phenotypic variation), 2) different traits confer different rates of survival and reproduction (differential fitness), and 3) traits can be passed from generation to generation (heritability of fitness). Thus, in successive generations members of a population are replaced by progeny of parents better adapted to survive and reproduce in the biophysical environment in which natural selection takes place. This teleonomy is the quality whereby the process of natural selection creates and preserves traits that are seemingly fitted for the functional roles they perform. Natural selection is the only known cause of adaptation but not the only known cause of evolution. Other, nonadaptive causes of microevolution include mutation and genetic drift.In the early 20th century the modern evolutionary synthesis integrated classical genetics with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection through the discipline of population genetics. The importance of natural selection as a cause of evolution was accepted into other branches of biology. Moreover, previously held notions about evolution, such as orthogenesis, evolutionism, and other beliefs about innate ""progress"" within the largest-scale trends in evolution, became obsolete scientific theories. Scientists continue to study various aspects of evolutionary biology by forming and testing hypotheses, constructing mathematical models of theoretical biology and biological theories, using observational data, and performing experiments in both the field and the laboratory. Evolution is a cornerstone of modern science, accepted as one of the most reliably established of all facts and theories of science, based on evidence not just from the biological sciences but also from anthropology, psychology, astrophysics, chemistry, geology, physics, mathematics, and other scientific disciplines, as well as behavioral and social sciences. Understanding of evolution has made significant contributions to humanity, including the prevention and treatment of human disease, new agricultural products, industrial innovations, a subfield of computer science, and rapid advances in life sciences. Discoveries in evolutionary biology have made a significant impact not just in the traditional branches of biology but also in other academic disciplines (e.g., biological anthropology and evolutionary psychology) and in society at large.