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Chapter 12- Genetic engineering Altering the genetic makeup of an organism Cuts DNA at specific sequences Restriction endonuclease Can create sticky ends; overhanging unpaired bases Prokaryote Genetic Engineering Simple organism, useful for genetic engineering Bacteria Bacteria structure Can contain plasmids Small circular pieces of DNA in addition to the chromosome. Foreign DNA can be inserted into the plasmid by using restriction enzymes In nature, helps the bacteria survive. (ex. antibiotic resistance) Can be easily removed from and reinserted back into bacteria 1 Chapter 12- Genetic engineering Recombinant DNA Transgenic organism Genetic Engineering Transformation Clone Combining DNA form two different organisms An organism which contains foreign DNA Clone a gene - make many copies Inserting a plasmid which contains a foreign gene into bacteria A newborn individual is a genetic copy of the adult. Express a protein - such as insulin or growth hormone Gel electrophoresis Used in order to determine the size of DNA fragments 2 Chapter 12- Genetic engineering Stem Cells Stem cells eventually differentiate - become specialized Can be caused by external signals such as chemicals released by other cells or physical contact with other cells Stem cells proliferate - divide many times Initially stem cells are unspecialized cells Obtained from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst Embryonic stem cells Can be grown in a laboratory - this is called cell culture Most are from left over fertilized eggs from fertility clinics - donated for research purposes with the permission of the donors Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) Problem - when used in treatment the cells are genetically different from the patient Can be caused by internal signals such as genes Can lead to the rejection of the cells by the patient's body These embryonic stem cells are genetically identical to the patient Can differentiate to become any type of cell Does not use fertilized eggs from fertility clinics Has been achieved with animals such as sheep but has not been achieved using human cells Will not be rejected by the patient's body 3 Chapter 12- Genetic engineering Stem Cells Limited to certain types of cells Difficult to grow Adult stem cells Difficult to locate since there are so few Scientists are trying to find out how to make adult stem cells become any type of cell just like embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells are obtained form the patient and therefore they are genetically identical to the patient 4