Download Altering the genetic makeup of an organism Cuts DNA at specific

Chapter 12- Genetic engineering
Altering the genetic
makeup of an organism
Cuts DNA at
specific sequences
Restriction
endonuclease
Can create sticky
ends; overhanging unpaired
bases
Prokaryote
Genetic
Engineering
Simple organism, useful
for genetic engineering
Bacteria
Bacteria structure
Can contain
plasmids
Small circular pieces
of DNA in addition
to the chromosome.
Foreign DNA can be
inserted into the plasmid
by using restriction enzymes
In nature, helps the
bacteria survive. (ex.
antibiotic resistance)
Can be easily removed from
and reinserted back into bacteria
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Chapter 12- Genetic engineering
Recombinant DNA
Transgenic organism
Genetic
Engineering
Transformation
Clone
Combining DNA form two
different organisms
An organism which
contains foreign DNA
Clone a gene - make many
copies
Inserting a plasmid which
contains a foreign gene into bacteria
A newborn individual is
a genetic copy of the adult.
Express a protein - such as insulin
or growth hormone
Gel electrophoresis
Used in order to determine
the size of DNA fragments
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Chapter 12- Genetic engineering
Stem
Cells
Stem cells eventually
differentiate - become specialized
Can be caused by
external signals such
as chemicals released
by other cells or
physical contact with
other cells
Stem cells proliferate - divide
many times
Initially stem cells are
unspecialized cells
Obtained from the inner cell
mass of a blastocyst
Embryonic stem cells
Can be grown in a
laboratory - this is called cell culture
Most are from left over fertilized
eggs from fertility clinics - donated for
research purposes with the permission of the
donors
Somatic cell
nuclear transfer
(SCNT)
Problem - when used in treatment
the cells are genetically different from the
patient
Can be caused by
internal signals such as
genes
Can lead to
the rejection
of the cells by
the patient's
body
These embryonic stem cells
are genetically identical to the patient
Can differentiate to
become any type of cell
Does not use fertilized eggs
from fertility clinics
Has been achieved with
animals such as sheep but
has not been achieved
using human cells
Will not be rejected by the
patient's body
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Chapter 12- Genetic engineering
Stem
Cells
Limited to certain types
of cells
Difficult to grow
Adult stem cells
Difficult to locate since there
are so few
Scientists are trying to find out
how to make adult stem cells become
any type of cell just like embryonic
stem cells
Adult stem cells are obtained form the patient
and therefore they are genetically identical to
the patient
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