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BIO H Final Review Questions:
You will need to be able to answer questions on material learned throughout this course including content such as:
 Basic chemistry questions (Ch. 2 & 3)
 Genetics problems (blood types, two-gene/dihybrid, etc.)
 Genetic diseases (matching: ex: Tay Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Hemophilia, Color blindness,
Down syndrome/Trisomy 21, etc.)
1) For each of the 4 biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) list the elements present, the
monomers (and draw their structure), the type of bond connecting the monomers, the main function of the molecules,
and an example.
2) Briefly describe the functions of each of the following cellular organelles:
•mitochondria
•cell membrane
•lysosome
•ribosome
•nuclear membrane
•chloroplast
•vacuole
•nucleus
•Golgi apparatus
•endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough)
3) Define the following: active transport, passive transport, diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, exocytosis,
endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.
4) For each of the phases of cellular respiration listed below, list where it occurs, the starting and ending materials, and
the net energy gains (NADH, FADH2, ATP, etc.)
 glycolysis
 precursor to Krebs cycle (pyruvate to acetyl CoA)
 Krebs cycle
 Electron transport chain
5) Create a chart comparing the two major phases of photosynthesis: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle (light
independent reactions). In your chart include: the location (be specific!), the main function, and the inputs/outputs of
each.
6) Distinguish between C3, C4 and CAM plants with respect to how they accomplish photosynthesis.
7) List 5 functions of membrane proteins.
8) Draw a replication fork and label the following structures: 5’ and 3’ ends, helicase, single-stranded binding proteins,
DNA polymerase III, DNA polymerase I, DNA ligase, primase, primer.
9) Summarize the differences between:
a. dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
b. primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
levels of protein structure
c. Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
d. prokaryotes and eukaryotes
e.
f.
g.
h.
plant cells and animal cells
stages of mitosis and meiosis
Cyclic and noncyclic electron flow
Induced fit vs. lock & key enzyme model
10) For an organism with a diploid # of 8 (2n = 8), draw metaphase in mitosis and metaphase I in meiosis.
11) How are restriction enzymes utilized in biotechnology?
12) What is the purpose of PCR?
13) Summarize the steps of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
14) Describe the process of DNA fingerprinting (including PCR and gel electrophoresis)
15) Summarize
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
the differences between:
DNA and RNA;
transcription and translation;
genotype and phenotype;
homozygous and heterozygous;
incomplete dominance and codominance;
Darwin and Lamarck;
allopatric and sympatric speciation;
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
Microevolution and macroevolution
Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers
Convergent and divergent evolution
Gene flow and genetic drift
linked and nonlinked genes
parental type and recombinant offspring
16) Protein Synthesis: Briefly describe the three steps of transcription: Initiation, Elongation, Termination and then the four
steps of translation: Initiation, Elongation, Translocation, & Termination
17) Certain dominant alleles are so vital for normal development that an individual who is homozygous recessive for a mutant
recessive form of the allele is unable to survive. Such recessive, lethal alleles can be perpetuated by heterozygotes. Consider
the Manx allele (ML) in cats. Homozygous cats (MLML) die when they are still embryos inside the mother cat. In heterozygotes
(MLM), the spine develops abnormally, and the cats end up with no tail whatsoever.
Two MLM cats mate. What are the genotype and phenotype ratios of all of their potential offspring (including the
lethals)? Among their surviving progeny, what is the probability that any one kitten will be heterozygous?
18) In a population of butterflies, allele “A” specifies dark-blue wings while allele “a” is associated with white wings. The
heterozygous condition (Aa) results in pale-blue wings.
a) Is this codominance or incomplete dominance?
b) Assume this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In a population of 1000 butterflies, 490 individuals
possess dark-blue wings. Calculate the frequency of the dominant allele, the recessive allele, and all 3 genotypes.
Also, calculate the number of individuals with pale-blue wings, and the number of individuals with white wings.
19) Distinguish, with examples, between analogous & homologous characteristics (which is convergent evolution & which is
divergent evolution?).
20) Outline & explain the theory of natural selection.
21) List and describe at least 4 lines of evidence that support the observation that evolution has occurred/is occurring.