Download 35.3 Notes PP

35.3 Notes PP
Mitch, David, Samir, Liyana,
Lori
Active Immunity
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Develops naturally after a person is
infected with a pathogen such as measles
or chickenpox
Induced when a person is well so that
possible future infection will not take place
Immunization- involves the use of
vaccines, or substances that contain an
antigen to which the immune system
responds
Active Immunity can be induced by the
use of vaccines and depends on the
presence of memory B cells and Memory T
cells in the body
Passive Immunity
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Passive Immunity occurs when an individual is
given prepared antibodies to combat a disease
Passive immunity is short lived, lasts for a short
time
Even though it does not last it sometimes is used
to prevent illness in a patient who has been
unexpectedly exposed to an infectious disease
Artificial Passive Immunity is used in the
emergency treatment of rabies, measles,
tetanus, diptheria, botulism, Hepatitis A, and
snake bites
These patients receive a serum that contains
antibodies and 50% become ill from serum
sickness
Cytokines and Immunity
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Cytokines are signaling molecules
produced by limphocytes and monocytes
or other cells
They regulate white blood cell formation
Inteleukines are cytokines produced by
various white blood cells
Interferon and Inteleukins are used as
immonotherapeutic drugs to fight T-cells
Interferon is produced by leukocytes,
fibroblasts and probably most cells in
response to a viral infection
Cytokines and Immunity
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Cytotoxic T-cells attack and destroy cancer cells
when they carry an altered protein on their cell
surface
If the cytotoxic T-cells have not been activated,
cytokines might awaken the immune system and
lead to the destruction of cancer
Scientists who are engaged in interleukin
research believe the interleukins soon will be
used as adjuncts for vaccines for the treatment of
chronic infectious diseases and for the treatment
of cancer
Interleukin antagonists may also be helpful in
preventing: skin and organ production, autoimmune diseases, and allergies
Monoclonal Antibodies
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Monoclonal Antibodies are one of many
antibodies produced by a clone of
hybridoma cells that are all bined to the
same antigen
One method of producing them is B-cells
being romoved from an animal and
exposed to a particular anitgen
The few cells are called hybridomas, used
for quick and certain diagnosis of various
conditions
Plasma cells of the
same type are fused
with myeloma
(cancerous) cells,
producing “immortal”
hybridoma cells that
divide and produce
monoclonal
antibodies