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A. Pathogen: a disease-causing agent Examples are: viruses, bacteria, protists, & fungi B. Antigen: substance on the surface of the pathogen that triggers an immune response. Antigens can be carbs, lipids, or proteins. A. Direct Contact includes: handshake, kissing, sexual contact B. Indirect Contact includes: food, water, vectors, contact with surfaces Tries to keep all pathogens out. It’s like our fortress walls protecting us. If an enemy enters, then a generalized defense occurs first. 1st line of defense includes: A. skin, saliva, mucous 2nd line of defense includes: B. Inflammatory response = redness, swelling, fever C. Interferons: proteins produced by cells infected with a virus. They slow viral replication. If a pathogen is able to get past the body’s nonspecific defenses, the immune system reacts with a series of defenses that attack the exact pathogen. These defenses include white blood cells and antibodies. Humoral Immunity: immunity against pathogens in the body fluids (Page 1037) 1. White blood cells, leukocytes, are the main immune cells defending the body. There are many types of wbc’s including: *B-cells *Memory cells *Helper T-cells *Suppressor T-cells *Killer T-cells *Macrophages A. 2. Antibodies: specialized proteins produced by B-cells that help destroy pathogens A. Active Immunity: when the body makes its own antibodies in response to an antigen. Is acquired after illness or vaccination. B. Passive Immunity: If antibodies produced by another animal are injected into the bloodstream. *Another example would be when a mother passes her antibodies through the placenta or during nursing.