Allelic Amino Acid Substitutions Affect the
... A3, E5, F6, 327, and 7E8, which bind to the central antigenic domain of the molecule. The BeWo GCAP phenotype can be regarded as resulting from the additional substitution in core GCAP of a single amino acid, Met’33 for Asn’” (Figure 1). This additional substitution is important for two reasons: fir ...
... A3, E5, F6, 327, and 7E8, which bind to the central antigenic domain of the molecule. The BeWo GCAP phenotype can be regarded as resulting from the additional substitution in core GCAP of a single amino acid, Met’33 for Asn’” (Figure 1). This additional substitution is important for two reasons: fir ...
In Vitro Studies of Chicken Egg Yolk Antibody (IgY
... Cross-Reactivity of IgY. The cross-reactivity of IgY was determined by using the above ELISA and the following bacterial cells: S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and E. coli 987P. Wells of the microtiter plate were coated with 150 µL of lyophilized whole cells in carbonate-bic ...
... Cross-Reactivity of IgY. The cross-reactivity of IgY was determined by using the above ELISA and the following bacterial cells: S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and E. coli 987P. Wells of the microtiter plate were coated with 150 µL of lyophilized whole cells in carbonate-bic ...
VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS REPLICON
... This process would not have been possible without the contributions of numerous individuals, all of whom have made this such a meaningful part of my life. I first need to thank my advisor, Bob Johnston for the opportunity to work in such a stimulating environment. I am appreciative of his giving me ...
... This process would not have been possible without the contributions of numerous individuals, all of whom have made this such a meaningful part of my life. I first need to thank my advisor, Bob Johnston for the opportunity to work in such a stimulating environment. I am appreciative of his giving me ...
Fulltext PDF - Indian Academy of Sciences
... Before considering the various methods available for distinguishing between the two species in faeces, it is worth noting that there are two situations (both acknowledged at the Mexico meeting) where a presumptive diagnosis of infection with E. histolytica can be made without actually identifying th ...
... Before considering the various methods available for distinguishing between the two species in faeces, it is worth noting that there are two situations (both acknowledged at the Mexico meeting) where a presumptive diagnosis of infection with E. histolytica can be made without actually identifying th ...
... The present invention relates to nucleic acid molecules related to the var2csa gene family as well as amino acid sequences encoded by such nucleic acid molecules with respect to their role in mediating adhesion of infected red blood cells to chondroitin sulphate A (CSA) in the placenta which is char ...
Humoral and cellular immune responses to Helicobacter
... that bacterial colonization densities are of great importance for the degree of mucosal inflammation and damage, (10, 56, 151) and BabA appears to be a key factor favoring high colonization densities. Since presence of the babA2 gene has previously been correlated with both ulcer disease and adenoca ...
... that bacterial colonization densities are of great importance for the degree of mucosal inflammation and damage, (10, 56, 151) and BabA appears to be a key factor favoring high colonization densities. Since presence of the babA2 gene has previously been correlated with both ulcer disease and adenoca ...
AN IMMUNOGENETIC STUDY OF SPECIES
... D967Y2. As may be seen by the reactions of the sera of these two birds, D820V2 and E l l U , in columns 3 and 4 of table 1, the antigenic constituents of their sera are dissimilar. The absorption with the serum of D820V2 removed the antibodies for both Ps-1 and Ps-2, since this reagent did not preci ...
... D967Y2. As may be seen by the reactions of the sera of these two birds, D820V2 and E l l U , in columns 3 and 4 of table 1, the antigenic constituents of their sera are dissimilar. The absorption with the serum of D820V2 removed the antibodies for both Ps-1 and Ps-2, since this reagent did not preci ...
Full-Text PDF
... Phage display technology is a widely used method for the selection of peptides, antibodies and alternative scaffolds [1–6], whereas oligopeptide phage display for the identification of immunogenic proteins is, to date, not widely spread. The fundamental technology was invented in 1985 by George P. S ...
... Phage display technology is a widely used method for the selection of peptides, antibodies and alternative scaffolds [1–6], whereas oligopeptide phage display for the identification of immunogenic proteins is, to date, not widely spread. The fundamental technology was invented in 1985 by George P. S ...
The Role of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in
... washes and even the contact lens cases of asymptomatic individuals9, 38, 39. The high incidence of anti-Acanthamoeba antibodies in the general population suggests that environmental exposure to Acanthamoeba antigens leads to “herd immunity” and that those individuals who contract Acanthamoeba kerati ...
... washes and even the contact lens cases of asymptomatic individuals9, 38, 39. The high incidence of anti-Acanthamoeba antibodies in the general population suggests that environmental exposure to Acanthamoeba antigens leads to “herd immunity” and that those individuals who contract Acanthamoeba kerati ...
Mucosal Vaccines: Where Do We Stand?
... Mucosal immunization, especially via the intranasal and sublingual routes, also can induce substantial levels of IgA and IgG in serum [26] because mucosal DCs may migrate and carry antigen to systemic inductive sites (lymph nodes and spleen) [27,28] and a fraction of the B cells activated in the muc ...
... Mucosal immunization, especially via the intranasal and sublingual routes, also can induce substantial levels of IgA and IgG in serum [26] because mucosal DCs may migrate and carry antigen to systemic inductive sites (lymph nodes and spleen) [27,28] and a fraction of the B cells activated in the muc ...
Prolonged suckling period in organic piglet production – Effects on
... feed, and a new microbiological environment. How much this strain influences the piglets depends mostly on their immune system. Piglets from organic production are weaned later (at least 40 days) than piglets from conventional rearing, but the performance and health status of organic piglets are oft ...
... feed, and a new microbiological environment. How much this strain influences the piglets depends mostly on their immune system. Piglets from organic production are weaned later (at least 40 days) than piglets from conventional rearing, but the performance and health status of organic piglets are oft ...
COMMITTEE FOR MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FOR HUMAN USE (CHMP)
... immunological mechanisms and disease pathogenesis have helped to improve the technical basis for adjuvant development and application. Adjuvants can be classified according to their source (natural, synthetic or endogenous), mechanism of action, or physical or chemical properties. The current most c ...
... immunological mechanisms and disease pathogenesis have helped to improve the technical basis for adjuvant development and application. Adjuvants can be classified according to their source (natural, synthetic or endogenous), mechanism of action, or physical or chemical properties. The current most c ...
1 accounts for 30%
... 100 ml distilled HsO after which it was suspended in 10 ml distilled H20.15 mg each of bovine BP microheterogeneous components 1-4 (total of 60 rag) were added, and the pH adjusted to 4.5 with 0.1 N HC1. With the pH maintained at 4.5, 5 ml of distilled H20 containing 60 mg of 1-ethyl-3 (3dimethylami ...
... 100 ml distilled HsO after which it was suspended in 10 ml distilled H20.15 mg each of bovine BP microheterogeneous components 1-4 (total of 60 rag) were added, and the pH adjusted to 4.5 with 0.1 N HC1. With the pH maintained at 4.5, 5 ml of distilled H20 containing 60 mg of 1-ethyl-3 (3dimethylami ...
Protective effect of the maternally derived porcine circovirus type 2
... transferred to newborn piglets by dam vaccination against PCV2. Antigen-specific DTH responses and lymphocyte proliferation indicate an anti-PCV2-specific adaptive cellular response. Furthermore, piglets that received maternal PCV2-specific memory T lymphocytes mount DTH reactions in response to int ...
... transferred to newborn piglets by dam vaccination against PCV2. Antigen-specific DTH responses and lymphocyte proliferation indicate an anti-PCV2-specific adaptive cellular response. Furthermore, piglets that received maternal PCV2-specific memory T lymphocytes mount DTH reactions in response to int ...
Immunity to Intracellular Salmonella Depends on Surface
... protective antigens must be surface-exposed [9], and this enables an effective strategy for priorization of antigen candidates [9]. Humoral response to surface antigens can also contribute to immunity to intracellular pathogens such as invasive Salmonella [10]. Indeed, Vi which induces protective an ...
... protective antigens must be surface-exposed [9], and this enables an effective strategy for priorization of antigen candidates [9]. Humoral response to surface antigens can also contribute to immunity to intracellular pathogens such as invasive Salmonella [10]. Indeed, Vi which induces protective an ...
Collaborative Bioinspired Algorithms
... AIS are adaptive systems inspired by theoretical immunology and observed immune functions, principles and models, which are ...
... AIS are adaptive systems inspired by theoretical immunology and observed immune functions, principles and models, which are ...
Characterizing the immune response to HIV-1 using host derived epitope R7V
... 3.2.1 Detection of R7V antibodies using an “in-house” R7V ELISA ..................... 67 3.2.2 “In-house” ELISA protocol improvement ..................................................... 72 3.2.3 Production of the recombinant antibody fragments..................................... 72 3.2.4 Stability ...
... 3.2.1 Detection of R7V antibodies using an “in-house” R7V ELISA ..................... 67 3.2.2 “In-house” ELISA protocol improvement ..................................................... 72 3.2.3 Production of the recombinant antibody fragments..................................... 72 3.2.4 Stability ...
Mycobacteria Target DC-SIGN to Suppress Dendritic Cell Function
... (MR), CD11b, and CD11c have been demonstrated to act as receptors on macrophages for mycobacteria (8, 9). Although these receptors also have been implicated in the interaction of mycobacteria with DCs (4, 7), little is known about the actual cell-surface receptors on DCs that are involved in DC–myco ...
... (MR), CD11b, and CD11c have been demonstrated to act as receptors on macrophages for mycobacteria (8, 9). Although these receptors also have been implicated in the interaction of mycobacteria with DCs (4, 7), little is known about the actual cell-surface receptors on DCs that are involved in DC–myco ...
New Zealand Colostrum
... drugs and antibiotics, colostrum was used for the natural antibiotic properties it contained. A physician, Albert Sabin who is credited with developing the first polio vaccine, was an advocate of colostrum use and had in fact originally isolated the first anti-polio antibodies from bovine colostrum. ...
... drugs and antibiotics, colostrum was used for the natural antibiotic properties it contained. A physician, Albert Sabin who is credited with developing the first polio vaccine, was an advocate of colostrum use and had in fact originally isolated the first anti-polio antibodies from bovine colostrum. ...
Commins, et al, JACI, 2014
... *For both pollen allergens and alpha-gal there is very little evidence for immediate symptoms following natural exposure and many investigators have tried to explain why. ...
... *For both pollen allergens and alpha-gal there is very little evidence for immediate symptoms following natural exposure and many investigators have tried to explain why. ...
THE HLA SYSTEM
... set up an immune response that will recognize and destroy cells with this same foreign antigen/HLA complex when next encountered. The exact mode of action of HLA Class I and HLA Class II antigens is different in this process. HLA Class I molecules, by virtue of their presence on all nucleated cells, ...
... set up an immune response that will recognize and destroy cells with this same foreign antigen/HLA complex when next encountered. The exact mode of action of HLA Class I and HLA Class II antigens is different in this process. HLA Class I molecules, by virtue of their presence on all nucleated cells, ...
An Introduction to Artificial Immune Systems
... determine its stimulation level (based on antigenic and network interaction) 2.2 Metadynamics: eliminate network cells with a low stimulation 2.3 Clonal Expansion: select the most stimulated network cells and reproduce them proportionally to their stimulation 2.4 Somatic hypermutation: mutate each c ...
... determine its stimulation level (based on antigenic and network interaction) 2.2 Metadynamics: eliminate network cells with a low stimulation 2.3 Clonal Expansion: select the most stimulated network cells and reproduce them proportionally to their stimulation 2.4 Somatic hypermutation: mutate each c ...
Effects of transformation on the hemagglutinins of Haemophilus paragallinarum L. R.R. BRAGG
... NAD independence in H. parainfluenza. It was established that the NAD independence of these isolates was plasmid-mediated (Windsor, Gromkova & Koornhof 1991) and that the genes for NAD independence are located on a small 5,25-kb plasmid. Transformation experiments, with NAD-independent H. paragallin ...
... NAD independence in H. parainfluenza. It was established that the NAD independence of these isolates was plasmid-mediated (Windsor, Gromkova & Koornhof 1991) and that the genes for NAD independence are located on a small 5,25-kb plasmid. Transformation experiments, with NAD-independent H. paragallin ...
Protein aggregation complicates the development of baculovirus-expressed African horsesickness
... is that, over time, passaging of Vera cells seems to have resulted in cells that no longer exhibit the large plaque variant phenOmenon that was previously used to select attenuated AHSV strains. Recombinant DNA technology offers a solution to this dilemma since genes encoding protective antigens fro ...
... is that, over time, passaging of Vera cells seems to have resulted in cells that no longer exhibit the large plaque variant phenOmenon that was previously used to select attenuated AHSV strains. Recombinant DNA technology offers a solution to this dilemma since genes encoding protective antigens fro ...
Antibody
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the harmful agent, called an antigen, via the variable region. Each tip of the ""Y"" of an antibody contains a paratope (analogous to a lock) that is specific for one particular epitope (similarly analogous to a key) on an antigen, allowing these two structures to bind together with precision. Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly (for example, by blocking a part of a microbe that is essential for its invasion and survival). The ability of an antibody to communicate with the other components of the immune system is mediated via its Fc region (located at the base of the ""Y""), which contains a conserved glycosylation site involved in these interactions. The production of antibodies is the main function of the humoral immune system.Antibodies are secreted by cells of the adaptive immune system (B cells), and more specifically, differentiated B cells called plasma cells. Antibodies can occur in two physical forms, a soluble form that is secreted from the cell, and a membrane-bound form that is attached to the surface of a B cell and is referred to as the B cell receptor (BCR). The BCR is found only on the surface of B cells and facilitates the activation of these cells and their subsequent differentiation into either antibody factories called plasma cells or memory B cells that will survive in the body and remember that same antigen so the B cells can respond faster upon future exposure. In most cases, interaction of the B cell with a T helper cell is necessary to produce full activation of the B cell and, therefore, antibody generation following antigen binding. Soluble antibodies are released into the blood and tissue fluids, as well as many secretions to continue to survey for invading microorganisms.Antibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably. Though strictly speaking, an antibody is not the same as an immunoglobulin; B cells can produce two types of immunoglobulins - surface immunoglobulins, which are B cell receptors; and secreted immunoglobulins, which are antibodies. So antibodies are one of two classes of immunoglobulins. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units—each with two large heavy chains and two small light chains. There are several different types of antibody heavy chains based on five different types of crystallisable fragments (Fc) that may be attached to the antigen-binding fragments. The five different types of Fc regions allow antibodies to be grouped into five isotypes. Each Fc region of a particular antibody isotype is able to bind to its specific Fc Receptor (except for IgD, which is essentially the BCR), thus allowing the antigen-antibody complex to mediate different roles depending on which FcR it binds. The ability of an antibody to bind to its corresponding FcR is further modulated by the structure of the glycan(s) present at conserved sites within its Fc region. The ability of antibodies to bind to FcRs helps to direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter. For example, IgE is responsible for an allergic response consisting of mast cell degranulation and histamine release. IgE's Fab paratope binds to allergic antigen, for example house dust mite particles, while its Fc region binds to Fc receptor ε. The allergen-IgE-FcRε interaction mediates allergic signal transduction to induce conditions such as asthma. Though the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen-binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the hypervariable region. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibody paratopes on the antigen-binding fragments allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibody paratope is generated by random recombination events of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen-binding sites (or paratopes), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. This recombinational process that produces clonal antibody paratope diversity is called V(D)J or VJ recombination. Basically, the antibody paratope is polygenic, made up of three genes, V, D, and J. Each paratope locus is also polymorphic, such that during antibody production, one allele of V, one of D, and one of J is chosen. These gene segments are then joined together using random genetic recombination to produce the paratope. The regions where the genes are randomly recombined together is the hyper variable region used to recognise different antigens on a clonal basis. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching that changes the one type of heavy chain Fc fragment to another, creating a different isotype of the antibody that retains the antigen-specific variable region. This allows a single antibody to be used by different types of Fc receptors, expressed on different parts of the immune system.