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Chapter 17 Abnormal Psychology Abnormal Behavior versus Psychological Disorders • Abnormal behavior is defined by culture. • Psychological disorders are defined by psychologists and psychiatrists (in Western culture). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) • Characterized by inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity • Diagnosed in school-aged children, mostly male • 15 percent of school-aged population in the United States have been diagnosed • Increasing numbers of children diagnosed with ADHD may be a reflection of changing social expectations, rather than an increase in the frequency of this neurological condition Prevalence of Mental Disorders • One in every five people living in the United States • If chemical dependencies are included, the figure increases to about 1 out of 3 The Medical versus the Psychological Model • Medical model – Disordered thoughts and behavior are the result of a diseased or otherwise malfunctioning brain • Psychological model – An individual's past and present life experiences cause and maintain a psychological disorder Organic versus Functional Disorders • Organic mental disorders – Mental disorders that are caused by brain dysfunction – Example: general paresis – Freud's "psychosis” • Functional mental disorders – The brain appears to be normal – Example: depression – Freud's "neurosis” Standardization of Diagnostic Terms • Psychiatrists and psychologists created the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders • Published by the American Psychiatric Association • Revised version DSM-IV published in 1994 • Recognizes over 200 different forms of mental disorder • Arranged in 17 categories The Five Axes of the DSM-IV The Frequency of Major Mental Disorders in the United States • As a group, anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness in the United States. • Depression is the most common single disorder. Four Types of Anxiety Disorders • Phobic disorder - an anxiety disorder characterized by a persistent, inappropriate fear of an object or situation • Generalized anxiety disorder - a mental disorder that is characterized by a persistent, inappropriate anxiety for which there is no apparent cause • Panic disorder - a disorder characterized by recurring rushes of paralyzing anxiety that may last for several minutes • Obsessive-compulsive disorder - a disorder characterized by obsessions and compulsions The Prevalence of Phobias • The most common simple phobias are a paralyzing fear of snakes, insects, and other small, moving life forms • Many people also have social phobias and agoraphobia The Prevalence of Phobias Common Obsessive Thoughts and Compulsions • OCD is characterized by obsessions (persistent, uncontrollable thoughts) and compulsions (ritualized behaviors) • Individuals with OCD typically have more than one obsession and follow multiple rituals Somatoform Disorders • Hypochondriasis • Somatization disorders • Conversion disorders Glove Anesthesia Subtypes of Dissociative Disorders • • • • Dissociative fugue Dissociative amnesia Depersonalization disorder Dissociative identity disorder Distinguishing Features of Clinical Depression • There are five ways in which clinical depression differs from lesser forms • Twice as many women as men are diagnosed with this disorder Ten Facts About Suicide The Adaptiveness of Mood Disorders • Some people may be genetically predisposed to mental illness • Sadness and depression may be adaptive in signaling the need for change Symptoms of Schizophrenia • • • • • Incoherent thinking Delusions Hallucinations A deterioration of adaptive behavior Disturbance of affect Types of Schizophrenia • Disorganized type – characterized by incoherent thought patterns • Paranoid type – characterized by thoughts of persecution or grandiose thinking • Catatonic type – characterized by muscular rigidity accompanied by lack of responsiveness Causes of Schizophrenia • Genetic factors – If one identical twin is schizophrenic, the other has a 50 percent chance of developing this disorder • Physiological factors – The dopamine hypothesis is based on the fact that schizophrenic symptoms diminish with drugs that block certain dopamine receptors, and that amphetamine stimulates dopamine receptors, producing schizophrenia-like symptoms • Environmental factors – Certain environmental factors seem to trigger schizophrenic symptoms, as predicted by the diathesis-stress model – EE studies indicate that schizophrenic patients returning home from an institution have higher relapse rates than others when family members express negativity toward them Categories of Personality Disorders