Download Psychological Disorders - Welcome to AP Psychology

Unit 11 Exam
Motivation and Emotion

30 Questions = 21 Minutes
Start:
11:26
Stop: 11:47
Psychological
Disorders
Classifying
Psychological
Disorders

http://www.dsm5.org
Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM V) is the standard
classification of mental
disorders used by mental
health providers in the United
States. It contains a listing of
diagnostic criteria for every
psychiatric disorder recognized
by the U.S. health care system.
What is a
Psychological
Disorder?
Psychological Disorders
 …are
“harmful
dysfunctions” in which
behavior is judged to be
atypical, disturbing,
maladaptive, and/or
unjustifiable
Atypical
abnormal –
being different
from most other
people in one’s
culture
is
Disturbing
 means
that a behavior goes
against the standards of
acceptable behavior, is
unnerving, grotesque, or
otherwise disruptive to a
generally acceptable level of
comfort.
Maladaptiveness
indicates
that the
behaviors are
distressing or disabling
or puts one at a greatly
increased risk of
suffering or death
Unjustifiable
means
that certain
behaviors are irrational,
or that a behavior lacks
any mental clarity or
reason
What is the nature of
Psychological
Disorders and their
causes?
Biological Model (Medical Model)

Abnormal behaviors are caused by
physiological malfunctions – IE. a
failure of the central nervous system,
an improperly working endocrine
system, an abnormal flow of a
specific hormone, genetic factors,
brain damage
Psychoanalytical Model

Abnormal behaviors are symbolic
expressions of unconscious, internal
conflicts, often associated with early
childhood – IE. A fear of open water due
to almost drowning as a child, obsessions
with women who remind you of the mother
who abandoned you, serial violence against
homosexuals based on your own internal
orientation conflicts
Behavioral Model

Abnormal behavior is the result of
learned behavior – IE. you are a
psychopathic killer because you
watched violent programming on
tv….you obsessively clean the
house because Mom obsessively
cleaned the house
Diathesis-Stress Model
(Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective)

Abnormal behavior is caused
when prone individuals who
otherwise may not exhibit
symptoms are put into stressful
situations and then exhibit
symptoms

IE. You may occasionally be stressed, or
drink a bit or a have trouble sleeping,
but then your house burns down, your
ID is stolen online, your bank accounts
are emptied, your wife leaves
you……thus you “snap”. An anxiety
disorder emerges, a substance abuse
disorder emerges, a sleep disorder
emerges….
Categories of Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety Disorders
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Selective Mutism
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Panic Disorder
Panic Attack (Specifier)
Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition
Other Specified Anxiety Disorder
Unspecified Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
 Disorders
characterized by an
intensely distressing,
persistent stress, or
maladaptive behaviors that
reduce stress.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
A
person is continually
tense, apprehensive, and in
a state of autonomic
system arousal








Dizziness
Sweaty Palms
Heart Palpitations
Ringing in the Ears
Edgy and Shaky
Unfocused and Out-of-Control Negative
Feelings
Worried constantly about bad things that
may happen
Twitchiness and/or trembling
Panic Disorder
Sufferers
have acute
episodes of intense
anxiety without any
apparent provocation
Phobias

Marked by persistent, irrational
fears and avoidance of a specific
object or situation

Some phobias are so intense that
they are incapacitating

Agoraphobia is a fear or avoidance of
situations where one feels a loss of
control and panic
Social-Anxiety Disorder


It’s the extreme fear of being scrutinized and
judged by others in social or performance
situations. People with social anxiety disorder feel
powerless against their anxiety. They are terrified
they will humiliate or embarrass themselves.
The anxiety can interfere significantly with daily
routines, occupational performance, or social life,
making it difficult to complete school, interview
and get a job, and have friendships and romantic
relationships.
Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar Disorder

A person’s mood alternates between mania (expanded
self-esteem, reduced need of sleep, talks more often and
talks longer, ideas flit in quick succession, thoughts race
and preoccupy the person, over indulgence in enjoyable
behaviors with high risk of a negative outcome (e.g.,
extravagant shopping, sexual adventures or improbable
commercial schemes) and depression (characterized by
a pervasive and persistent low mood that is
accompanied by low self-esteem and by a loss of
interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities)
Depressive Disorders

Depressive Disorders
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder, Single and Recurrent
Episodes
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder
Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical
Condition
Other Specified Depressive Disorder
Unspecified Depressive Disorder

Major Depressive Disorder


Symptoms may include feelings of sadness,
hopelessness, and worthlessness, as well as
complaints of physical pain and changes in
appetite, sleep patterns, and energy level.
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A serious state of chronic depression, which
persists for at least 2 years (1 year for children
and adolescents); it is less acute and severe than
major depressive disorder.
Dissociative
Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
 Involve
disturbances in a
person’s consciousness,
memories, identity, and
perception of the
environment
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A
person has two or
more distinct
personalities that
alternate in their
control of the
person’s behavior
Amnesia

Loss or impairment of memory.



Anterograde Amnesia – Cannot
create new memories
Retrograde Amnesia – Cannot
access old memories
Amnesia with a physical cause is
called organic amnesia, whereas
amnesia of psychological origin
is called functional amnesia
Elimination
Disorders

Enuresis


An inability to control urination
Encopresis

The repeated passage of feces into inappropriate
places (e.g., clothing or floor) whether voluntary
or unintentional, at least one such event a month
for at least 3 months, and at or beyond the
chronological age of at least 4 years
Feeding and
Eating
Disorders

Anorexia is essentially
a form of selfstarvation in order to
lose weight, Bulimics
partake in binge and
purge behaviors in
order to maintain body
weight

Pica


Characterized by an appetite for substances
largely non-nutritive, such as
ice, clay, chalk, glass, hair, urine, dirt, or sand.
Binge Eating Disorder

An eating disorder characterized by binge
eating without subsequent purging episodes
Gender Dysphoria

Gender Dysphoria or GenderIdentity Disorder is a
formal diagnosis to describe people
who experience
significant dysphoria (discontent)
with the sex they were assigned at
birth and/or the gender roles
associated with that sex.
Impulse-Control,
Conduct and
Disruptive Disorders



Kleptomania – compulsive stealing
Pyromania – setting fires
Trichotillomania
 The compulsive urge to pull
out one's own hair leading to
noticeable hair loss, distress, and
social or functional impairment.
Neurocognitive
Disorders

Dementia

A serious loss of cognitive ability in a previously
unimpaired person, beyond what might be
expected from normal aging. It reduces the ability
to learn, reason, retain or recall past experience
and there is also loss of patterns of thoughts,
feelings and activities.
Neurodevelopmental
Disorders

Intellectual Disorders


Communication Disorders


Intellectual Development Disorder
Child Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorders

AD/HD

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Motor Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive
and Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding Disorder
Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder)
Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder
Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive and
Related Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to Another
Medical Condition
Other Specified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder
Unspecified Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Characterized by
unwanted repetitive
thoughts (obsessions) or
actions (compulsions)

Checking to see if a door is locked is
normal. Doing it 30 times or “I will
die” is not. Washing your hands is
normal. Washing them until your
hands are raw so that “all of the
germs are gone” is not.

Body-Dysmorphic Disorder

A preoccupation with an imagined or minor
defect in appearance which causes clinically
significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of
functioning.
Paraphilic Disorders
PARAPHILIAS INCLUDE
FANTASIES, BEHAVIORS, OR
SEXUAL URGES FOCUSING
ON UNUSUAL OBJECTS,
ACTIVITIES, OR SITUATIONS


EXHIBITIONISM SEXUALLY
EXPOSING ONESELF (GENITALS)
TO OTHERS
FETISHISM SEXUAL URGES AND
BEHAVIORS TYPICALLY
ASSOCIATED WITH NON-LIVING
OBJECTS
Specific Fetishes

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Agriozoophilia – wild animals
Alektorophilia – chickens
Anthophilia – flowers
Autodysomophilia – bad smells
Bibliophilia – books
Chaetophilia – hair
Coimetrophilia – cemeteries
Coprophilia – feces
Specific Fetishes
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Daimonophilia – ghosts
Didaskaleinophilia – school
Dontophilia – teeth
Ecclesiophilia – church
Emetophilia – vomit
Epistaxiophilia – nosebleeds
Geniophilia – chins
Gerontophilia – old people
Heliophilia – sun
Specific Fetishes
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Hoplophilia – guns
Ichthyophilia – fish
Lachanophilia – vegetables
Leprophilia – leprosy
Lutraphilia – otters
Melophilia – music
Necrophilia – dead
Nephophilia – clouds
Specific Fetishes

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Nosophilia – terminal illness
Ombrophilia – rain
Ophidiophilia – snakes
Peladophilia – baldness
Pogophilia – beards
Thassophilia – sitting
Urophilia – urine
FROTTEURISM

SEXUAL URGES RELATED TO TOUCHING
OR RUBBING AGAINST UN-SUSPECTING,
NON-CONSENTING, AND UNFAMILIAR
PEOPLE OF THE OPPOSITE SEX


SADISM SEXUAL PLEASURE
DERIVED FROM MISTREATING
OTHERS
MASOCHISM SEXUAL PLEASURE
DERIVED FROM BEING HURT OR
HUMILIATED VERBALLY
AND/OR PHYSICALLY


TRANSVESTITISM CROSS-DRESSING
VOYEURISM SEXUAL PLEASURE IS
DERIVED FROM SECRETLY
OBSERVING OTHERS
Personality
Disorders
Personality Disorders
Maladaptive
ways of
behaving that negatively
affect a person’s ability
to function in society.
Narcissistic Personality

A grandiose sense of selfimportance. They seek excessive
admiration from others and
fantasize about unlimited success
or power. They believe they are
special, unique, or superior to
others.


Paranoid personality disorder is
characterized by irrational
suspicions and mistrust of others.
Avoidant personality disorder is
characterized by social inhibitions,
feelings of inadequacy, extreme
sensitivity to negative evaluation,
and exaggerated emotions.
Antisocial Personality Disorder

Acting in a way that disregards the
feelings and rights of other people.
Antisocial personalities often break
the law, and they may use or exploit
other people for their own gain. They
may lie repeatedly, act impulsively,
and get into physical fights. They may
even kill other people.
Schizophrenia
Hallucinations
 Perceptions that occur
without connection to an
appropriate source; hearing
voices or seeing objects are
the two most common
hallucinations.
Delusions

False personal beliefs that are not subject to
reason or contradictory evidence


patients suffering from paranoid-type
symptoms often have delusions of persecution,
or false and irrational beliefs that they are being
cheated, harassed, poisoned, or conspired
against.
In addition, delusions of grandeur, in which a
person may believe he or she is a famous or
important figure, may occur in schizophrenia
Disorganized Thinking

Schizophrenia often affects a persons
ability to think straight. Thoughts may
come and go rapidly; the person may
not be able to concentrate on one
thought for very long and may be
easily distracted, unable to focus
attention.
Inappropriate Effect


Expressing improper emotions, related to
the environmental context they are
presented in, or
a person with schizophrenia may not show
the signs of normal emotion, perhaps may
speak in a monotonous voice, have
diminished facial expressions, and appear
extremely apathetic
Causes of Schizophrenia?
Chromosomes
13 and 6
are suspect.
Abnormally high levels of
dopamine in the brain.
Sleep-Wake
Disorders
 Affect
normal sleep
patterns. They may include
Insomnia (lack of sleep),
Apnea (stop breathing),
and Narcolepsy (excessive
daytime sleepiness).
Sexual
Dysfunctions
Common Male and Female Disorders

Men


Erectile dysfunction refers to the inability of a
man to have or maintain an erection. Premature
ejaculation occurs when a man is not able to
postpone or control his ejaculation. Inhibited
male orgasm occurs when a man cannot have an
orgasm despite being highly aroused.
Women

Female Orgasmic Disorder refers to a woman’s
delayed or inability to achieve orgasm.
Somatoform
Disorders
Somatoform Disorders

Characterized by the presence of
physical symptoms that cannot be
explained by a medical condition
or another mental illness


Somatoform disorder is a condition in
which the physical pain and symptoms a
person feels are related to psychological
factors. These symptoms can not be
traced to a specific physical cause.
Their symptoms are similar to the
symptoms of other illnesses and may last
for several years. People who have
somatoform disorder are not faking their
symptoms. The pain that they feel is real.

Hypochondriasis refers to an excessive
preoccupation or worry about having a
serious illness. Hypochondria is often
characterized by fears that minor bodily
symptoms may indicate a serious illness,
constant self-examination and selfdiagnosis, and a preoccupation with
one's body.
Conversion Disorder

Patients present with symptoms such as
numbness, paralysis, blindness, etc. The
diagnosis of conversion disorder
involves three elements - the exclusion
of neurological disease, the exclusion of
feigning, and the determination of a
psychological mechanism.
Substance-Related
and Addictive
Disorders


Addictive substances include
alcohol, caffeine, cannabis,
hallucinogens, inhalants, opiods,
sedatives, stimulants and tobacco…
Non-substance addictions include
issues like gambling.
Trauma and Stressor
Related Disorders

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder
Adjustment Disorders
Other Specified Trauma- and Stressor-Related
Disorder
Unspecified Trauma- and Stressor-Related
Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Usually involves flashbacks or
nightmares following a person’s
involvement in or observation of an
extremely troubling event, such as a
war or a natural disaster
Adjustment Disorders

An inability or maladaptive reaction to
an identifiable stressful life event/
stressor (divorce, death, a family move,
etc.). Symptoms must occur within three
months of the event/stressor and
persisted for no longer than six months.
Usually includes depression, withdrawal,
or a rebellion against society, family, or
the law.
Other Mental Disorders


Other Specified Mental Disorder Due to
Another Medical Condition
Unspecified Mental Disorder Due to Another
Medical Condition