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Daily Science 1. Christmas 2. In the movie, “It’s a Wonderful Life,” what did Clarence get for accomplishing his mission? 3. What were Frosty the Snowman’s last words? Standard S7L3 UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF HOW BIOLOIGICAL TRAITS ARE PASSED ON FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION Learning Target I can understand terminology used in genetics. Heredity Basics Heredity Basic Notes 1. Heredity is the passing of traits from parent to offspring. The study of how these traits are inherited is genetics. What is genetics? 2. Genes are found on chromosomes and control the traits that show up in an organism. The different forms a gene may have for a trait is an allele. (During MEIOSIS, a pair of chromosomes separate and the alleles move into separate gametes. Each gamete now contains 1 allele for each trait.) Mendel-the father of Genetics 3. Mendel was the first to use mathematics of probability to explain heredity and to trace one trait for several generations. Hybrid & Purebred 4. Hybrid organisms receive different genetic information for a trait from each parent. 5. An organism that always produces the same traits generation after generation is called a purebred. PUREBRED organisms receive the same or identical genetic information for a trait from each parent. Dominant and Recessive 6. The dominant allele covers up or dominates the other allele. 7. The recessive allele seems to be covered up or “disappears.” Probability 8. Probability helps one predict the chance that something will happen. Punnett Squares: 9. A Punnett square can help predict what an offspring will look like. 10.Upper case letters stand for dominant alleles. Lower case letters stand for recessive alleles. Genotype and Phenotype 11. The genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism. The phenotype is the way an organism looks or behaves as a result of the genotype. (The phenotype is the expression of the genotype) Homozygous & Heterozygous 12. An organism with two alleles that are the same is said to be homozygous. Would this organism be hybrid or purebred for this trait? Purebred An organism with two alleles for one trait that are different is said to be heterozygous. Would this organism be purebred or hybrid for this trait? hybrid Explain Figure 2, Page 127 7. Alleles separate into gametes during meiosis. In this way, each zygote receives TWO alleles. One allele is from the mother and one allele is from the father. Math Skills 1. 75% were yellow 2. Genotype yy = 25% Principles of Heredity, Page 132 1. Traits are controlled by alleles on chromosomes. 2. An alleles effect is dominant or recessive. 3. When a pair of chromosomes separates during meiosis, the different alleles for a trait move into separate gametes. Heterozygous or Homozygous Which gene is heterozygous? Aa Which gene is homozygous? BB Daily Science - Mendel and the Scientific Method Explain how Mendel used the Scientific Method during his experiments. Explain how Mendel’s experiments illustrate the scientific method. 1. 2. 3. 4. He made observations. He asked questions. He formed a hypothesis. He performed carefully controlled experiments and experimented on only ONE trait at a time. 5. He collected and analyzed data. 6. He then shared his findings/results.