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Recognizing the Agricultural
Applications of Biotechnology
Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed!
MS‐LS1‐1. Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are
made of cells; either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.
[Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on developing evidence that living
things are made of cells, distinguishing between living and non-living cells,
and understanding that living things may be made of one cell or many and
varied cells.]
MS-LS1-3 Use argument supported by evidence for how the body is a system
of interacting subsystems composed of groups of cells. [Clarification Statement:
Emphasis is on the conceptual understanding that cells form tissues and tissues
form organs specialized for particular body functions. Examples could include the
interaction of subsystems within a system and the normal functioning of those
systems.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the mechanism of
one body system independent of others. Assessment is limited to the circulatory,
excretory, digestive, respiratory, muscular, and nervous systems.]
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Bell Work!
How does biotechnology affect
reproduction in animals?
Do you believe cloning is ethical?
Should we pre-determine the sex of an
Animal?
Lesson Objectives
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Objective 1: Explain the latest applications of
biotechnology in plant, animal, and food science
research.
Objective 2: Describe the basic processes of genetic
engineering.
Objective 3: Explain the basic steps of recombinant
DNA technology.
Objective 4: Define and describe DNA fingerprinting.
Objective 5: Explain the steps in basic plant tissue
culture.
Scientific developments in
agriculture have resulted in
rapid changes.
 Science
has resulted in advanced
methods of cloning or reproducing
organisms genetically identical to the
parents.
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Plant tissue culture
is a cloning process
in which single plant
cells or groups of
cells are grown in an
artificial medium
under sterile
conditions.
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Embryo splitting
involves removing
an embryo from its
mother, splitting the
embryo, and placing
each half into a
different animal’s
uterus for
development.

Asexual
reproduction of
plants by seed
without fertilization
that results in plants
identical to the
female plant is
known as apomixis.
The reproductive capacities of
animals have been improved.
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Superovulation is a
practice in which
animals are induced
to produce many
more eggs than
normal during their
estrus cycle.
Superovulation Results!
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The method of
removing embryos
from a mother and
placing them in
other females for
development is
called embryo
transfer.
Genetic engineering involves
the manipulation of genetic
material within the cell.
 Recombinant
DNA technology involves
removing tiny amounts of DNA from one
organism and inserting them into the
DNA of another organism.
 Recombinant DNA technology is also
known as gene splicing.
 The
process of moving DNA fragments
from one cell to another is
transformation.
 Transgenic organisms are those that
have been altered through
transformation.
Basic challenges of
recombinant DNA technology
 locating
genetic material
 removing the material
 transferring the material into the DNA of
another organism.
Gene coding for specific functions needs to
be located on the DNA before recombinant
DNA technology is applied.
• 1. A complete complement of genetic
material in an organism is the genome.
• 2. Locating and recording the site of
specific genes within the chromosomes is
gene mapping.
 Selected portions of DNA containing the
desired gene are cut with a restriction
enzyme.
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 The
DNA fragments are fused or
attached through a ligation process to
form a recombinant molecule.
 A vector is an agent, commonly bacteria
or viruses, that transfers the DNA into a
cell.
 Small pieces of DNA in bacteria known
as plasmids are the principal vector
used to insert genetic material into cells.
DNA Fingerprinting
 DNA
fingerprinting is a genetic tool
which identifies like a fingerprint
because comparisons produce a unique
pattern that can identify an individual.
How does it work?
 Electrophoresis
is the process by which
DNA fragments are drawn through an
agarose gel from a negative to a
positive charge due to the negative
charge of the phosphate group on the
single strand DNA.
 The technique used to transfer DNA
patterns for reading is called Southern
blotting.
Southern Blotting Technique
Matching fingerprints:
 Compare each line of the one that you know
to the lines in the same position on each of
the possible matching fingerprints.
 If there is one line that does not match in
location or size, that one is eliminated from
the process.
 A match must have all lines in the same
position and of the same size.
Parental disputes:
 Identify the bands of the known parent
in the offspring.
 Remaining bands in offspring must
come from the other parent.
 If remaining bands in offspring do not
match, paternity is disproved.
Tissue culture is a very technical
form of asexual reproduction.
Steps in successful tissue culture require
aseptic or sterile conditions.
 Small pieces of plant material or individual
cells, explants, are removed from the mother
plant.
 Explants are cleaned and grown on an agar
media in test tubes or other glass laboratory
containers, a process known as in vitro.
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Callous or a group of
undifferentiated cells
form.
The cells are
transferred to a media
with appropriate
hormones where they
differentiate and form
plantlets.