Download Power Point 2 - G. Holmes Braddock

Macromolecules
Danny Morejon
P.5
Carbohydrate Molecular Structure
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Carbohydrates are made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids Molecular Structure
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Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include
fats, oils, and cholesterol.
Protein Molecular Structure
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Proteins are polymers of amino acid
monomers.
Nucleic acids Molecular Structure
Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called
nucleotides.
Carbohydrates Primary Functions
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When carbohydrates are consumed the body
breaks them down into glucose. Then the
glucose moves into your bloodstream and
goes to your organs and tissues, where it is
used to fuel cellular activity.
Simple carbohydrates occur when there is
more glucose in the body than your cells
need, it is converted to glycogen for storage
in the liver and muscles, or into fat.
Lipids Primary Functions
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Triglycerides provide you with energy during
aerobic metabolism and are stored in your
fat tissues.
Within cells lipids regulate the fluid balance
within the cell and its external fluid
environment.
Fats in your body cushion your organs from
shock and blunt trauma and stores energy
for future use.
Proteins Primary Functions
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Protein provides a source of carbon for energyyielding reactions. Certain amino acids can be
converted to glucose and metabolized to
provide ATP, while others can be stored as fat.
Protein is an important compound in controlling
fluid volume and osmolality in the blood and
body tissues. This function is a major controlling
factor in maintaining water balance.
Proteins form enzymes that are involved in
digestive and other cellular processes that create
needed chemical end products.
How Enzymes Speed Up
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An enzyme acts as a catalyst for biochemical
reactions. It lowers the activation energy
needed for a reaction to occur, which then
speeds up the reaction.
Since specific enzymes only react with
certain molecules, they help choose which
reactions occur in the cells.
Enzyme Activity
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Anything from the weather to the temperature of a room, it’s all an outcome on how
your body exhales the enzymes to make your body warmer or cooler.
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As the enzyme concentration increases the rate of enzyme activity increases up to a
level where it becomes constant.
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Changes in pH may not only affect the shape of an enzyme but it may also change
the charge properties of the substrate so that either the substrate cannot bind to
the active site or it cannot undergo catalysis. Extremes in pH can denature enzymes.
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Increasing temperature means the molecules gain more kinetic energy and move
faster resulting in more chances of successful collisions of enzymes and substrates
forming enzyme-substrate molecules.