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The functional organization of the motor map of a rat changes rapidly after transection of the facial nerve. (Reproduced, with permission, from Sanes et al. 1988 and from Jacobs and Donoghue 1991.) A. A surface view of the rat's frontal cortex shows the normal somatotopic arrangement of areas representing forelimb, whisker, and periocular muscles. Within minutes after transection of the branches of the facial nerve that innervate whiskers, stimulation of cortical sites that formerly activated whisker muscles causes contraction of forelimb and periocular muscles. B. Elimination of theVoluntary sensory inputs after transection the facial nerve may lead to rapidScience, changesFifth in the balance of local inhibitory circuits in the motor Source: Movement: The PrimaryofMotor Cortex, Principles of Neural Editon cortex. UnderCitation: normal Kandel conditions (top) the excitatory effect of horizontal axonal projections between different of theScience, motor map subject2012 to inhibition ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM, Siegelbaum SA, Hudspeth AJ, Mack S. Principlesparts of Neural FifthisEditon; Available mediated by local at: inhibitory interneurons, so that electrical stimulation of a whisker site evokes contractions of only whisker muscles and not forelimb http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: May 14, 2017 muscles. Iontophoretic injection of bicuculline into a forelimb site reserved in the motor map blocks local GABA-mediated inhibition (bottom). As a result, stimulation Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights of whisker sites can excite output neurons in forelimb and periocular sites through horizontal axonal collaterals whose influence is normally restricted by