Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... using the chord conductance (Goldman) equation, explain how the relative permeabilities of these ions create a resting membrane potential. NEU 5. Describe ionic basis of an action potential. NEU 6. Distinguish the effects of hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoxia on the resting membrane and action ...
... using the chord conductance (Goldman) equation, explain how the relative permeabilities of these ions create a resting membrane potential. NEU 5. Describe ionic basis of an action potential. NEU 6. Distinguish the effects of hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoxia on the resting membrane and action ...
ORAL UPF/ TESI DOCT Nicotine addiction phenotypes in a BAC transgenic mouse
... nicotine and ethanol addiction profiles (Gallego et al, 2011, 2012), but very rapidly we realized that other traits of our transgenic mice, could also contribute to the addictive phenotype. Our previous results (Vinals et al 2012) revealed the involvement of α3/α5/β4 nAChRs subunits in working memor ...
... nicotine and ethanol addiction profiles (Gallego et al, 2011, 2012), but very rapidly we realized that other traits of our transgenic mice, could also contribute to the addictive phenotype. Our previous results (Vinals et al 2012) revealed the involvement of α3/α5/β4 nAChRs subunits in working memor ...
the Report - The Lasker Foundation
... amblyopia, if refractive error is a contributing factor, the first step in treatment is appropriate refractive correction. (There is some debate as to whether correction of strabismus alone can have a positive impact on strabismic amblyopia.) Once the underlying anomaly is corrected, the current sta ...
... amblyopia, if refractive error is a contributing factor, the first step in treatment is appropriate refractive correction. (There is some debate as to whether correction of strabismus alone can have a positive impact on strabismic amblyopia.) Once the underlying anomaly is corrected, the current sta ...
Propagation of tau pathology in Alzheimer`s disease
... in its intercellular transfer is of great interest. The phosphorylation state and length of extracellular tau have been reported in numerous studies, but obtaining a global picture is difficult since different epitopes were analyzed in various model systems. Analysis of tau in human CSF found that l ...
... in its intercellular transfer is of great interest. The phosphorylation state and length of extracellular tau have been reported in numerous studies, but obtaining a global picture is difficult since different epitopes were analyzed in various model systems. Analysis of tau in human CSF found that l ...
Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... 2000). Binding of ES20 to VN receptors also results in increased levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), suggesting that this signal cascade pathway may be involved in chemosensory transduction. In contrast, ES20 significantly reduces basal levels of cAMP as well as GTP␥S- or forskolin-induced ...
... 2000). Binding of ES20 to VN receptors also results in increased levels of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), suggesting that this signal cascade pathway may be involved in chemosensory transduction. In contrast, ES20 significantly reduces basal levels of cAMP as well as GTP␥S- or forskolin-induced ...
thesis - ETDA
... thalamus in turn may be the original site of malfunction or may receive aberrant signals from the basal ganglia or even the cerebellum, which has a large input to the motor thalamus. ...
... thalamus in turn may be the original site of malfunction or may receive aberrant signals from the basal ganglia or even the cerebellum, which has a large input to the motor thalamus. ...
Role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in Huntington`s disease
... neurodegenerative disorder that usually onsets in midlife, and is characterised by psychiatric, cognitive and motor dysfunctions. It is due to an excessive repetition of the CAG trinucleotide in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene (Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993) which causes the ...
... neurodegenerative disorder that usually onsets in midlife, and is characterised by psychiatric, cognitive and motor dysfunctions. It is due to an excessive repetition of the CAG trinucleotide in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene (Huntington’s Disease Collaborative Research Group, 1993) which causes the ...
AXOTOMIZED SPINAL COMMISSURAL INTERNEURONS OF THE ADULT FELINE:
... regenerative response is highly dependent on the distance of the axotomy from the cell body – that is, more distal axotomies lead to a less robust regenerative response compared to proximal axotomies. For instance, following SCI at T10, GAP-43, α-tubulins, and Neurofilament-m mRNA levels remain low ...
... regenerative response is highly dependent on the distance of the axotomy from the cell body – that is, more distal axotomies lead to a less robust regenerative response compared to proximal axotomies. For instance, following SCI at T10, GAP-43, α-tubulins, and Neurofilament-m mRNA levels remain low ...
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... with stereotyped morphology. The typical sequence of neuronal differentiation in vivo is that axogenesis in individual neurons precedes their dendrogenesis (Kim and Chiba, 2004; Westerfield et al., 1986). As a result, when dendrites first appear in the embryonic CNS, axons have already laid out basi ...
... with stereotyped morphology. The typical sequence of neuronal differentiation in vivo is that axogenesis in individual neurons precedes their dendrogenesis (Kim and Chiba, 2004; Westerfield et al., 1986). As a result, when dendrites first appear in the embryonic CNS, axons have already laid out basi ...
Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus for
... studied. The monkey was given a liquid reward if the saccade landed within ⫾8° of the visual target. In the fixation-stimulation task, the central spot was extinguished after fixation for 500 – 800 ms, and electrical stimulation was given 25–125 ms later. Monkeys received a liquid reward 200 ms afte ...
... studied. The monkey was given a liquid reward if the saccade landed within ⫾8° of the visual target. In the fixation-stimulation task, the central spot was extinguished after fixation for 500 – 800 ms, and electrical stimulation was given 25–125 ms later. Monkeys received a liquid reward 200 ms afte ...
Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals
... communicate. Released by the presynaptic neurons to assist, stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic neurons. At least thirty different compounds have been identified as neurotransmitters. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals ...
... communicate. Released by the presynaptic neurons to assist, stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic neurons. At least thirty different compounds have been identified as neurotransmitters. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals ...
Psychopharmacology of conditioned reward
... primary or conditioned reward is accompanied by increased DA release in striatal regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate-putamen (for reviews, see Salamone 1994; Kiyatkin 1995; Westerink 1995; Schultz et al. 1997), suggesting a possible role for DA in both the acquisition of incentiv ...
... primary or conditioned reward is accompanied by increased DA release in striatal regions such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and caudate-putamen (for reviews, see Salamone 1994; Kiyatkin 1995; Westerink 1995; Schultz et al. 1997), suggesting a possible role for DA in both the acquisition of incentiv ...
Control of Extracellular Dopamine at Dendrite and Axon Terminals
... Comparison of the time course of the dopamine transient in the VTA, SNc, and striatum FSCV with carbon fiber electrodes was used to compare the time course of dopamine release from axonal terminals in the dorsal striatum and dendritic terminals in the VTA. A single stimulus evoked release of dopamin ...
... Comparison of the time course of the dopamine transient in the VTA, SNc, and striatum FSCV with carbon fiber electrodes was used to compare the time course of dopamine release from axonal terminals in the dorsal striatum and dendritic terminals in the VTA. A single stimulus evoked release of dopamin ...
THE SUBFORNICAL ORGAN AND AREA POSTREMA MEDIATE
... circumventricular organs (CVOs), the subfornical organ (SFO) and area postrema (AP), in mediating the central effects of leptin using a variety of experimental approaches. We first show that acute electrical stimulation of the SFO elicits feeding in satiated rats, supporting a role for this speciali ...
... circumventricular organs (CVOs), the subfornical organ (SFO) and area postrema (AP), in mediating the central effects of leptin using a variety of experimental approaches. We first show that acute electrical stimulation of the SFO elicits feeding in satiated rats, supporting a role for this speciali ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... appears to be more complicated than the animal models suggest. Perhaps, as Benignus et al. (1998) suggests, it may be that the concentration of toluene in the tissue (in lieu of current measures of exposure concentration and duration) would yield a more straightforward relationship between toluene " ...
... appears to be more complicated than the animal models suggest. Perhaps, as Benignus et al. (1998) suggests, it may be that the concentration of toluene in the tissue (in lieu of current measures of exposure concentration and duration) would yield a more straightforward relationship between toluene " ...
Leptin Signaling in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii
... to BAT; (2) sympathoactivation to microinjection of leptin into the NTS was associated with an increase in arterial pressure; and (3) the renal sympathetic nerve responses to NTS leptin appear to emanate from the caudal region of the NTS at the level of the area postrema. Leptin signaling in the NTS ...
... to BAT; (2) sympathoactivation to microinjection of leptin into the NTS was associated with an increase in arterial pressure; and (3) the renal sympathetic nerve responses to NTS leptin appear to emanate from the caudal region of the NTS at the level of the area postrema. Leptin signaling in the NTS ...
Theta phase shift in spike timing and modulation of gamma oscillation
... et al. 2008). Low-frequency gamma oscillations (30 – 45 Hz) in CA1 reflect inputs from CA3, while high-frequency gamma oscillations (60 –90 Hz) reflect inputs from entorhinal cortex (Bragin et al. 1995; Colgin et al. 2009). Gamma oscillations occur at different frequencies, depending on running spee ...
... et al. 2008). Low-frequency gamma oscillations (30 – 45 Hz) in CA1 reflect inputs from CA3, while high-frequency gamma oscillations (60 –90 Hz) reflect inputs from entorhinal cortex (Bragin et al. 1995; Colgin et al. 2009). Gamma oscillations occur at different frequencies, depending on running spee ...
Physiology of the Mammalian Circadian System
... of calcium flux11 or gene expression12 in individual SCN neurons, have now provided compelling evidence that circadian oscillation is indeed a cell-autonomous process, expressed in many, and possibly all, individual SCN neurons. Nevertheless, this multitude of cellular circadian oscillators normally ...
... of calcium flux11 or gene expression12 in individual SCN neurons, have now provided compelling evidence that circadian oscillation is indeed a cell-autonomous process, expressed in many, and possibly all, individual SCN neurons. Nevertheless, this multitude of cellular circadian oscillators normally ...
Antagonistic roles of Wnt5 and the Drl receptor in patterning the
... of ORN axon targeting, wherein ORN axons are sequentially guided toward their postsynaptic targets with an increasing degree of precision5,8. A wealth of evidence shows that ingrowing ORN axons are important for directing the development of the glomeruli in Drosophila and other species. First, genet ...
... of ORN axon targeting, wherein ORN axons are sequentially guided toward their postsynaptic targets with an increasing degree of precision5,8. A wealth of evidence shows that ingrowing ORN axons are important for directing the development of the glomeruli in Drosophila and other species. First, genet ...
An investigation of the sensory and motor innervation of extraocular
... DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 112 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................. 118 LITERATURE CITED............................. ...
... DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 112 FINAL CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................. 118 LITERATURE CITED............................. ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemical techniques, which allow me to show that Kv7.5 is localized in the axons of the Remak bundles (unmyeli ...
... functional role of each Kv7 subunits within the peripheral sensory system have not been fully elucidated. In this thesis, I first investigate the expression pattern of Kv7.5 with immunohistochemical techniques, which allow me to show that Kv7.5 is localized in the axons of the Remak bundles (unmyeli ...
Neuronal uptake and propagation of a rare phosphorylated high-molecular-weight tau
... 50,000 or 150,000g, and applied the supernatant to mouse primary cortical neurons. The uptake of tau was assessed by immunofluorescence labelling of intracellular human tau. After 24 h, human tau uptake was observed in neurons treated with 3,000 and 10,000g brain extracts, which presumably contained ...
... 50,000 or 150,000g, and applied the supernatant to mouse primary cortical neurons. The uptake of tau was assessed by immunofluorescence labelling of intracellular human tau. After 24 h, human tau uptake was observed in neurons treated with 3,000 and 10,000g brain extracts, which presumably contained ...
D27 - Viktor`s Notes for the Neurosurgery Resident
... spectrum of behavioral states ranges from deep sleep through light sleep, REM sleep, and two awake states (relaxed awareness and awareness with concentrated attention); there are patterns of brain electrical activity that correlate with each of these states. ...
... spectrum of behavioral states ranges from deep sleep through light sleep, REM sleep, and two awake states (relaxed awareness and awareness with concentrated attention); there are patterns of brain electrical activity that correlate with each of these states. ...
NIH Public Access Emotional dysregulation and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Author Manuscript
... ‘Bottom-up’ psychological mechanisms—We consider two processes affecting emotion regulation: orienting to emotionally salient stimuli and the evaluation of signals for reward. In order for emotion to be regulated, posterior attention systems must both detect salient stimuli and signal that control i ...
... ‘Bottom-up’ psychological mechanisms—We consider two processes affecting emotion regulation: orienting to emotionally salient stimuli and the evaluation of signals for reward. In order for emotion to be regulated, posterior attention systems must both detect salient stimuli and signal that control i ...
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral
... acquisition and expression of these learned cue-directed responses depend on integrity of a system including the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Other investigators have suggested that cue-directed behaviors may als ...
... acquisition and expression of these learned cue-directed responses depend on integrity of a system including the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Other investigators have suggested that cue-directed behaviors may als ...
Synaptic gating
Synaptic gating is the ability of neural circuits to gate inputs by either suppressing or facilitating specific synaptic activity. Selective inhibition of certain synapses has been studied thoroughly (see Gate theory of pain), and recent studies have supported the existence of permissively gated synaptic transmission. In general, synaptic gating involves a mechanism of central control over neuronal output. It includes a sort of gatekeeper neuron, which has the ability to influence transmission of information to selected targets independently of the parts of the synapse upon which it exerts its action (see also neuromodulation).Bistable neurons have the ability to oscillate between a hyperpolarized (down state) and a depolarized (up state) resting membrane potential without firing an action potential. These neurons can thus be referred to as up/down neurons. According to one model, this ability is linked to the presence of NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. External stimulation of the NMDA receptors is responsible for moving the neuron from the down state to the up state, while the stimulation of AMPA receptors allows the neuron to reach and surpass the threshold potential. Neurons that have this bistable ability have the potential to be gated because outside gatekeeper neurons can modulate the membrane potential of the gated neuron by selectively shifting them from the up state to the down state. Such mechanisms have been observed in the nucleus accumbens, with gatekeepers originating in the cortex, thalamus and basal ganglia.