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Nervous System Connections CNS: Brain & Spinal cord PNS: Ascending & descending nerves • CNS – Brain, spinal cord – Processing center – Nuclei • PNS – Spinal & cranial nerves – Information relay system – ganglia Cranial nerves • • • • • • • • • • • • I – Olfactory II – Optic III – Oculomotor VI – Trochlear V – Trigeminal VI – Abducens VII – Facial VIII – Auditory (Vestibulocochlear) IX – Glossopharyngeal X – Vagus XI – Spinal Accesory XII – Hypoglossal S S M M SM M SM S SM SM M M Divisions of PNS • Somatic – Voluntary • Autonomic – Visceral (involuntary) • CNS – Brain, spinal cord – Processing center – Nuclei • PNS – Spinal and cranial nerves – Information relay system – ganglia Divisions of PNS Conscious control Unconscious control Basic regulatory & reflex functions in brainstem Support and Protection •Meninges encase brain & SC •Three layers: •Dura mater •Arachnoid •Pia mater •Between layers: •Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF; airbag for brain) Ventricles Meninges (spinal cord) • Dura mater: outer layer – Subdural space; Serous fluid (lubricant) • Arachnoid mater: – Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia) filled with CSF & blood vessels • Pia Mater: inner layer – Shrink wrapped to spinal cord & brain Spinal cord anatomy • Gray matter: cell bodies & unmyelinated axons • White matter: Myelinated axons Major Features of Brain Vertebrate Brain • Hindbrain – Medulla oblongata – Pons – Cerebellum • Midbrain • Diencephalon – Thalamus – Hypothalamus • Telencephalon – Cerebral cortex, (white & gray matter) Vertebrate brain • Mesencephalon: Visual and Auditory reflex centers (head-turning) • Pons: Relay station for sensory info. • Medulla oblongata: Regulate cardio, respiratory, digestive activities Medulla Oblongata • Regulatory Nuclei: – heart & respiratory rate, blood pressure, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, swallowing, balance, coordination, digestion, sleep • Pyramids: – Descending motor nerves; conscious control of skeletal muscle Pons • Ascending & descending nerve tracts • Regulatory nuclei: – Chewing & salivation; respiration – Initiates sleep • Relay nuclei: – Reticular Formation: Share info between cerebrum & cerebellum Reticular Formation • Filters out the humdrum • Relays the novel & exciting Midbrain • Reflex nuclei – Visual reflex; startle & tracking – Auditory reflex & nerve tracts • Regulatory nuclei – Lens shape, pupil diameter – Initiates & terminates body movements – Initiates arousal Diencephalon • Thalamus – Ascending sensory neurons synapse here; project to cerebrum • Epithalamus – Emotional & visceral response to odors; pineal body regulates long-term cycles • Hypothalamus – Maintaining homeostasis via hormone release Cerebellum • Gray and white matter • Balance; maintains muscle tone; coordinates fine muscle movement • Comparator: integrates proposed movements with current body position to produce smooth, exact movement • Involved in learning new balance-intensive activities – Riding a bike, yoga, climbing Movement & Body position Cerebrum & its Regions Complex info. Processing •Conscious thought •Reasoning •Memory creation & storage Cerebral Space Axons connect CNS - CNS and CNS -PNS Association, commissural, projection Axons connect CNS - CNS and CNS -PNS