final exam review
... b. Protein substances made by leukocytes c. Phagocytes d. Produced by erythrocytes to fight disease ...
... b. Protein substances made by leukocytes c. Phagocytes d. Produced by erythrocytes to fight disease ...
A Novel Functionally Distinct Subtype of Striatal Neuropeptide Y
... We investigated the properties of neostriatal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons in transgenic GFP (green fluorescent protein)-NPY reporter mice. In vitro whole-cell recordings and biocytin staining demonstrated the existence of a novel class of neostriatal NPY-expressing GABAergic interne ...
... We investigated the properties of neostriatal neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing interneurons in transgenic GFP (green fluorescent protein)-NPY reporter mice. In vitro whole-cell recordings and biocytin staining demonstrated the existence of a novel class of neostriatal NPY-expressing GABAergic interne ...
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Reelin Signaling in the Adult
... The study of Reelin signaling and its role in cortical development is responsible for the large preponderance of known signaling mechanism. For that reason, section one will consist of an overview of cortical development followed by a more specific discussion of major and aspiring players in the Re ...
... The study of Reelin signaling and its role in cortical development is responsible for the large preponderance of known signaling mechanism. For that reason, section one will consist of an overview of cortical development followed by a more specific discussion of major and aspiring players in the Re ...
AXOTOMIZED SPINAL COMMISSURAL INTERNEURONS OF THE ADULT FELINE:
... or CINs) are a class of neuron with axons that project through the ventral commissure to the contralateral spinal cord. My goal was to examine the morphological, molecular, and functional changes that occur to adult feline PCIs following a proximal axotomy. We first determined whether proximally axo ...
... or CINs) are a class of neuron with axons that project through the ventral commissure to the contralateral spinal cord. My goal was to examine the morphological, molecular, and functional changes that occur to adult feline PCIs following a proximal axotomy. We first determined whether proximally axo ...
Propagation of tau pathology in Alzheimer`s disease
... in its intercellular transfer is of great interest. The phosphorylation state and length of extracellular tau have been reported in numerous studies, but obtaining a global picture is difficult since different epitopes were analyzed in various model systems. Analysis of tau in human CSF found that l ...
... in its intercellular transfer is of great interest. The phosphorylation state and length of extracellular tau have been reported in numerous studies, but obtaining a global picture is difficult since different epitopes were analyzed in various model systems. Analysis of tau in human CSF found that l ...
Neurophysiology - American Physiological Society
... The American Physiological Society Medical Curriculum Objectives Project Complete curriculum objectives available at: http://www.the-aps.org/medphysobj ...
... The American Physiological Society Medical Curriculum Objectives Project Complete curriculum objectives available at: http://www.the-aps.org/medphysobj ...
Mechanisms of Leptin Action and Leptin Resistance
... and leptin-deficient ob/ob animals (3). The function of short-form LRs is less clear, although proposed roles include the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the production of circulating LR extracellular domain to complex with leptin (10, 11). Many of the effects of leptin r ...
... and leptin-deficient ob/ob animals (3). The function of short-form LRs is less clear, although proposed roles include the transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the production of circulating LR extracellular domain to complex with leptin (10, 11). Many of the effects of leptin r ...
Theta Modulation in the Medial and the Lateral Entorhinal Cortices
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
... doi:10.1152/jn.01141.2009. Hippocampal neurons show a strong modulation by theta frequency oscillations. This modulation is thought to be important not only for temporal encoding and decoding of information in the hippocampal system, but also for temporal ordering of neuronal activities on timescale ...
Memantine is a clinically well tolerated N-methyl-D
... N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have therapeutic potential in numerous CNS disorders ranging from acute neurodegeneration (e.g. stroke and trauma), chronic neurodegeneration (e.g. Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, ALS) to symptomatic treatment (e.g. epi ...
... N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have therapeutic potential in numerous CNS disorders ranging from acute neurodegeneration (e.g. stroke and trauma), chronic neurodegeneration (e.g. Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, ALS) to symptomatic treatment (e.g. epi ...
Neurotoxicity and Mechanism of Toluene Abuse
... appears to be more complicated than the animal models suggest. Perhaps, as Benignus et al. (1998) suggests, it may be that the concentration of toluene in the tissue (in lieu of current measures of exposure concentration and duration) would yield a more straightforward relationship between toluene " ...
... appears to be more complicated than the animal models suggest. Perhaps, as Benignus et al. (1998) suggests, it may be that the concentration of toluene in the tissue (in lieu of current measures of exposure concentration and duration) would yield a more straightforward relationship between toluene " ...
Structure and dynamics of the corticothalamic driver pathway in the
... Each moment of life, our brains excel at the complex tasks of acquiring information about the environment, processing and analyzing those signals, store and retrieve memories, decide on appropriate behavior and finally coordinate the muscular contractions for an appropriate behavioral response. Acco ...
... Each moment of life, our brains excel at the complex tasks of acquiring information about the environment, processing and analyzing those signals, store and retrieve memories, decide on appropriate behavior and finally coordinate the muscular contractions for an appropriate behavioral response. Acco ...
Primary- and Secondary-Like Jaw-Muscle Spindle Afferents Have
... All of the afferent neurons labeled in this study responded with an increased firing when the jaw-elevator muscles were palpated but failed to respond when pressure was applied to the teeth and gingiva. Two basic types of afferent response could be distinguished. One type was modulated strongly duri ...
... All of the afferent neurons labeled in this study responded with an increased firing when the jaw-elevator muscles were palpated but failed to respond when pressure was applied to the teeth and gingiva. Two basic types of afferent response could be distinguished. One type was modulated strongly duri ...
A network of topographic numerosity maps in human
... B.M.H. wrote the manuscript with input from S.O.D. ...
... B.M.H. wrote the manuscript with input from S.O.D. ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... Pathak et al., 2015; Chavan et al., 2015). This finding raised the question of whether synapses without presynaptic mitochondria can sustain robust and enduring changes in efficacy. To address this question, we analyzed hippocampal synapses that had undergone theta-burst stimulation (TBS) to produce ...
... Pathak et al., 2015; Chavan et al., 2015). This finding raised the question of whether synapses without presynaptic mitochondria can sustain robust and enduring changes in efficacy. To address this question, we analyzed hippocampal synapses that had undergone theta-burst stimulation (TBS) to produce ...
What the young brain tells the spinal cord: top down modulation of
... information in the spinal cord. In adults, the rostroventral medulla (RVM) can inhibit and facilitate somatosensory processing in the adult dorsal horn, providing powerful control of pain behaviours. In neonates, balanced descending control of processing of dorsal horn activity is immature. Here, I ...
... information in the spinal cord. In adults, the rostroventral medulla (RVM) can inhibit and facilitate somatosensory processing in the adult dorsal horn, providing powerful control of pain behaviours. In neonates, balanced descending control of processing of dorsal horn activity is immature. Here, I ...
The Role of Kv7 in Peripheral Neurons
... in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localiza ...
... in the regulation of cellular excitability and axonal conduction. Previous studies have shown that peripheral sensory neurons express Kv7.2, Kv7.3, and Kv7.5 subunits, and that suppression of Kv7 activity with pharmacological blockers can lead to increased nociception. However, the specific localiza ...
Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS | SpringerLink
... axonal pathology. We have to bear in mind that, although some parts of the degenerative cascade might indeed be similar in different pathologies, their origins may vary fundamentally. Membrane disruption in traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, for example, might eventually result in calcium influx ...
... axonal pathology. We have to bear in mind that, although some parts of the degenerative cascade might indeed be similar in different pathologies, their origins may vary fundamentally. Membrane disruption in traumatic brain or spinal cord injury, for example, might eventually result in calcium influx ...
NEURAL MECHANISMS SUPPORTING THE LEARNING
... stimuli have become innately hardwired over our evolutionary history to induce fear (e.g. loud noises, darkness). However, fear can also be rapidly associated with neutral stimuli, thereby permitting animals to adapt to an ever changing environment (Domjan, 2005; Kim & Jung, 2006; LeDoux, 2003). Thi ...
... stimuli have become innately hardwired over our evolutionary history to induce fear (e.g. loud noises, darkness). However, fear can also be rapidly associated with neutral stimuli, thereby permitting animals to adapt to an ever changing environment (Domjan, 2005; Kim & Jung, 2006; LeDoux, 2003). Thi ...
Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... were significantly larger than those of correlated neurons, and they were often larger than the excitatory fields for renal sympathetic nerve activity. Excitatory fields are defined as the area of body surface from which stimulation of sensory receptors evoked excitation of the neuron. Once identified n ...
... were significantly larger than those of correlated neurons, and they were often larger than the excitatory fields for renal sympathetic nerve activity. Excitatory fields are defined as the area of body surface from which stimulation of sensory receptors evoked excitation of the neuron. Once identified n ...
Local Field Potentials Related to Bimanual Movements in the
... are highly correlated (Laas, 1968;Kenmochi and Eggermont, 1997), but other evidence shows that this correlation can vary over time (Murthy and Fetz, 1996a) or depend on context (Eggermont and Mossop, 1998), and that the response properties of the LFP and single units may differ (Mitzdorf et al., 199 ...
... are highly correlated (Laas, 1968;Kenmochi and Eggermont, 1997), but other evidence shows that this correlation can vary over time (Murthy and Fetz, 1996a) or depend on context (Eggermont and Mossop, 1998), and that the response properties of the LFP and single units may differ (Mitzdorf et al., 199 ...
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system
... cells has provided invaluable clues for our understanding of the novel functions and mechanisms of the anaphasepromoting complex in the nervous system. Identification of functions of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system While studies of Cdc20–APC and Cdh1–APC have occupied the leadin ...
... cells has provided invaluable clues for our understanding of the novel functions and mechanisms of the anaphasepromoting complex in the nervous system. Identification of functions of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system While studies of Cdc20–APC and Cdh1–APC have occupied the leadin ...
Targeting membrane proteins to inner segments of vertebrate
... Photoreceptors are highly compartmentalized neurons in the retina, and they function by detecting light and initiating signaling through the visual network. The photoreceptor contains several compartments including the outer segment (OS) which is a sensory cilium for detecting photons and the inner ...
... Photoreceptors are highly compartmentalized neurons in the retina, and they function by detecting light and initiating signaling through the visual network. The photoreceptor contains several compartments including the outer segment (OS) which is a sensory cilium for detecting photons and the inner ...
The Formation of Specific Synaptic Connections Between Muscle
... frogs whose stage of development was noted, all but 2 had their ventral roots cut at stages XVI or XVII (average stage = 16.0). Further testing of the frogs in this group confirmed that regeneration of motoneurons was either nonspecific or weak, in that motoneurons died, failed to reinnervate foreli ...
... frogs whose stage of development was noted, all but 2 had their ventral roots cut at stages XVI or XVII (average stage = 16.0). Further testing of the frogs in this group confirmed that regeneration of motoneurons was either nonspecific or weak, in that motoneurons died, failed to reinnervate foreli ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.