Gastric Effects of Cholecystokinin and Its Interaction with Leptin on
... functions, a partition was made at the mid-thoracic level of the preparation. An agar seal separated the recording bath chamber into a brainstem compartment and a gastric compartment. Peptides were applied only to the gastric compartment and their effects on the NTS neuronal activity were evaluated. ...
... functions, a partition was made at the mid-thoracic level of the preparation. An agar seal separated the recording bath chamber into a brainstem compartment and a gastric compartment. Peptides were applied only to the gastric compartment and their effects on the NTS neuronal activity were evaluated. ...
the neurobiology of nicotine addiction: bridging the gap from
... regulated by exposure to the agonist: closed, open and desensitized11. When agonists bind to the nAChR, the receptor complex undergoes a conformational change in its structure, which allows the channel gate to open, permitting the passage of cations (such as Na+, K+ and also Ca2+, which might accoun ...
... regulated by exposure to the agonist: closed, open and desensitized11. When agonists bind to the nAChR, the receptor complex undergoes a conformational change in its structure, which allows the channel gate to open, permitting the passage of cations (such as Na+, K+ and also Ca2+, which might accoun ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior activity at that same synaptic terminal [5]. One widely studied mechanism responsible for the dependence of synaptic transmission on past activity has been dubbed presynaptic short-te ...
... strength or the efficacy of synaptic transmission therein in a way that depends on the timing and frequency of prior activity at that same synaptic terminal [5]. One widely studied mechanism responsible for the dependence of synaptic transmission on past activity has been dubbed presynaptic short-te ...
A Systematic Nomenclature for the Insect Brain
... head capsule, penetrated by the esophagus (Fig. S1A). When the optic lobes are separated from this structure, the rest of the brain will be referred to as the central brain (Fig. S1B). We do not recommend midbrain to refer to the central brain, because the former is in longstanding use in vertebrate ...
... head capsule, penetrated by the esophagus (Fig. S1A). When the optic lobes are separated from this structure, the rest of the brain will be referred to as the central brain (Fig. S1B). We do not recommend midbrain to refer to the central brain, because the former is in longstanding use in vertebrate ...
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... within the bloodstream until it is converted into mature thrombin in the the coagulation cascade [10]. Thrombin is a large, spherical molecule, with a major groove around its equatorial axis, that is unable to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [9]. In cases of a BBB breakdown, e.g., during head tra ...
... within the bloodstream until it is converted into mature thrombin in the the coagulation cascade [10]. Thrombin is a large, spherical molecule, with a major groove around its equatorial axis, that is unable to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [9]. In cases of a BBB breakdown, e.g., during head tra ...
Brain glycine receptors as a common target for alcohol and
... disorders in the world. Converging evidence from the current research group has identified two receptor populations, the glycine (GlyRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the mesolimbic dopamine system, as two potentially important targets for the development of new medication to tre ...
... disorders in the world. Converging evidence from the current research group has identified two receptor populations, the glycine (GlyRs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the mesolimbic dopamine system, as two potentially important targets for the development of new medication to tre ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... these to the contributions of other processes. This claim is based on the reasonable premise that, to a first approximation, all synapses connecting two specific neurons (commonly innervated [CI] synapses) will have similar activation histories when these are integrated over many days [21,22]. Assum ...
... these to the contributions of other processes. This claim is based on the reasonable premise that, to a first approximation, all synapses connecting two specific neurons (commonly innervated [CI] synapses) will have similar activation histories when these are integrated over many days [21,22]. Assum ...
Referred Pain - Electromedicine
... Afferent Nociceptors” points out that single neurons are very long narrow tubes that may have various branches coming from different peripheral sources, again making it impossible for central pain pathways to distinguish the source. 3. “Convergence-Facilitation” is best illustrated by Figure 1, wher ...
... Afferent Nociceptors” points out that single neurons are very long narrow tubes that may have various branches coming from different peripheral sources, again making it impossible for central pain pathways to distinguish the source. 3. “Convergence-Facilitation” is best illustrated by Figure 1, wher ...
Enteric Glia - Department of Physiology
... “second brain,” known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), resides within the walls of the intestines and controls the ongoing activities of the gastrointestinal tract. The entire circuitry of the ENS is embedded in the gut wall and consists of aggregates of neurons and glia called enteric ganglia t ...
... “second brain,” known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), resides within the walls of the intestines and controls the ongoing activities of the gastrointestinal tract. The entire circuitry of the ENS is embedded in the gut wall and consists of aggregates of neurons and glia called enteric ganglia t ...
Intrinsic Connections of Macaque of Cells Outside Lamina 4c` Striate
... The projections from lamina 3B/4A to 2/3A and to 5A are apparent with retrograde transport as well. Microinjections into lamina 2/3A lead to the scattered labeling of neurons in lamina 3B/4A (Fig. 6) a result that reinforces the observation, described above, that the spreading component of the 2/3A ...
... The projections from lamina 3B/4A to 2/3A and to 5A are apparent with retrograde transport as well. Microinjections into lamina 2/3A lead to the scattered labeling of neurons in lamina 3B/4A (Fig. 6) a result that reinforces the observation, described above, that the spreading component of the 2/3A ...
Implicit Operant Learning of Pain Sens
... processing noxious stimuli” [140]. Pain and nociception do not necessarily have to correspond (c.f. [139]): nociceptive activity can occur without pain—e.g. under local anesthesia—and pain can be perceived without nociception—e.g. in phantom pain, or experimentally induced by the so-called thermal g ...
... processing noxious stimuli” [140]. Pain and nociception do not necessarily have to correspond (c.f. [139]): nociceptive activity can occur without pain—e.g. under local anesthesia—and pain can be perceived without nociception—e.g. in phantom pain, or experimentally induced by the so-called thermal g ...
The transference of benefits between the eyes Does
... 1.3. Measurement of eye movements In order to explain eye movements one needs to know how to measure them. The adult eyeball is a sphere and measures about 2.5 cm with only the anterior one-sixth of the eyeball exposed (Tortora & Nielsen, 2012). Because the eye is a sphere we measure it in degrees, ...
... 1.3. Measurement of eye movements In order to explain eye movements one needs to know how to measure them. The adult eyeball is a sphere and measures about 2.5 cm with only the anterior one-sixth of the eyeball exposed (Tortora & Nielsen, 2012). Because the eye is a sphere we measure it in degrees, ...
Role of the Indirect Pathway of the Basal Ganglia
... strengths and numbers of connections as well as lessening of STD of GPe–STN connections resulting from the lower GPe firing rates seen experimentally with dopamine depletion (Stanford and Cooper, 1999; Ogura and Kita, 2000; Cragg et al., 2004; Shen and Johnson, 2005; Kita, 2007; Fan et al., 2012; Wi ...
... strengths and numbers of connections as well as lessening of STD of GPe–STN connections resulting from the lower GPe firing rates seen experimentally with dopamine depletion (Stanford and Cooper, 1999; Ogura and Kita, 2000; Cragg et al., 2004; Shen and Johnson, 2005; Kita, 2007; Fan et al., 2012; Wi ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... point, and plotted as a function of time after intraocular injection. Quantitative ultrastructural autoradiography. Sections through the optic tectum and the LoC were analyzed by ultrastructural autoradiography using protocols described previously (von Bartheld et al., 1996a; Butowt and von Bartheld ...
... point, and plotted as a function of time after intraocular injection. Quantitative ultrastructural autoradiography. Sections through the optic tectum and the LoC were analyzed by ultrastructural autoradiography using protocols described previously (von Bartheld et al., 1996a; Butowt and von Bartheld ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... condition. To avoid variations that occur between different culture preparations, all neurons analyzed for each experiment were obtained from the same culture preparation. To analyze the morphology of spines, multiple high-magnification images using an oil-immersion lens (60⫻) were taken along a seg ...
... condition. To avoid variations that occur between different culture preparations, all neurons analyzed for each experiment were obtained from the same culture preparation. To analyze the morphology of spines, multiple high-magnification images using an oil-immersion lens (60⫻) were taken along a seg ...
The Placebo Effect: A Psychosocial and Neurobiological Review
... That is, some participants received only expectation cues and no conditioning, some participants received drug conditioning, either opiate (morphine) or non-‐opiate (ketorolac), without expectancy cues, ...
... That is, some participants received only expectation cues and no conditioning, some participants received drug conditioning, either opiate (morphine) or non-‐opiate (ketorolac), without expectancy cues, ...
Calcium Transients in the Garter Snake Vomeronasal Organ
... transients in retrogradely labeled snake vomeronasal (VN) neurons. A shows a video image illustrating the selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies ...
... transients in retrogradely labeled snake vomeronasal (VN) neurons. A shows a video image illustrating the selective staining of VN neurons with Ca2⫹ Green after retrograde transport of this dye from their axonal terminals in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Observe the labeling in the cell bodies ...
The circadian visual system, 2005
... explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficient to produce a maximal phase shift, more photons at the same time or up to 2 h later have no additional effect on phase shift magnitude (Nelson and Takahashi, 1999). In such cases, the circadian system is deemed to be “saturated” with respect to its ...
... explored to date, if a photic stimulus is sufficient to produce a maximal phase shift, more photons at the same time or up to 2 h later have no additional effect on phase shift magnitude (Nelson and Takahashi, 1999). In such cases, the circadian system is deemed to be “saturated” with respect to its ...
Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals
... communicate. Released by the presynaptic neurons to assist, stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic neurons. At least thirty different compounds have been identified as neurotransmitters. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals ...
... communicate. Released by the presynaptic neurons to assist, stimulate or inhibit the postsynaptic neurons. At least thirty different compounds have been identified as neurotransmitters. Associated Bodywork & Massage Professionals ...
Orexin/Hypocretin: A Neuropeptide at the Interface of Sleep, Energy
... cells (Tang et al., 2008). Moreover, food deprivation exerted a differential effect on coupling between orexin receptors and G proteins (Karteris et al., 2005). C. Orexin-Producing Neurons Orexin-producing neurons (orexin neurons) are exclusively localized to the perifornical area and the lateral an ...
... cells (Tang et al., 2008). Moreover, food deprivation exerted a differential effect on coupling between orexin receptors and G proteins (Karteris et al., 2005). C. Orexin-Producing Neurons Orexin-producing neurons (orexin neurons) are exclusively localized to the perifornical area and the lateral an ...
Growth and Targeting of Subplate Axons and Establishment of Major
... termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of the internal capsule and extend into its continuation, the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serve ...
... termed the internal capsule, that forms in the basal telencephalon. Layer 6 axons extend through the internal capsule and directly into the thalamus. Layer 5 axons pass through the full extent of the internal capsule and extend into its continuation, the cerebral peduncle. The internal capsule serve ...
Control of Extracellular Dopamine at Dendrite and Axon Terminals
... Midbrain dopamine neurons release dopamine from both axons and dendrites. The mechanism underlying release at these different sites has been proposed to differ. This study used electrochemical and electrophysiological methods to compare the time course and calcium dependence of somatodendritic dopam ...
... Midbrain dopamine neurons release dopamine from both axons and dendrites. The mechanism underlying release at these different sites has been proposed to differ. This study used electrochemical and electrophysiological methods to compare the time course and calcium dependence of somatodendritic dopam ...
Circadian clocks in crustaceans: identified neuronal and cellular systems
... severance (e.g. by squeezing of nerves), this restoration was likely caused by regenerative events via reorganising axons and terminals (83). Experiments showing that brain resections are not sufficient to suppress locomotor rhythmicity in crayfish (84) rendered the existence of a pacemaker exclusiv ...
... severance (e.g. by squeezing of nerves), this restoration was likely caused by regenerative events via reorganising axons and terminals (83). Experiments showing that brain resections are not sufficient to suppress locomotor rhythmicity in crayfish (84) rendered the existence of a pacemaker exclusiv ...
Actin in Axons: Stable Scaffolds and Dynamic Filaments
... protein. Mammals have three actin isoforms, a, b and g, of which a and mostly b are expressed in neurons. Under proper buffer conditions and in sufficient concentration, actin monomers (G-actin) spontaneously assemble into filaments (F-actin) with a diameter of 7 nm and lengths of a few µm. The bond ...
... protein. Mammals have three actin isoforms, a, b and g, of which a and mostly b are expressed in neurons. Under proper buffer conditions and in sufficient concentration, actin monomers (G-actin) spontaneously assemble into filaments (F-actin) with a diameter of 7 nm and lengths of a few µm. The bond ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.