Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... The SN pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr) are interconnected with the PPN (Saper and Loewy, 1982; Woolf and Butcher, 1986). In the rat and monkey, SNc dopaminergic neurons receive direct glutamatergic and cholinergic input from PPN neurons (Sugimoto and Hattori, 1984; Clarke et al., 1987; ...
... The SN pars compacta (SNc) and pars reticulata (SNr) are interconnected with the PPN (Saper and Loewy, 1982; Woolf and Butcher, 1986). In the rat and monkey, SNc dopaminergic neurons receive direct glutamatergic and cholinergic input from PPN neurons (Sugimoto and Hattori, 1984; Clarke et al., 1987; ...
Test Bank 1
... 4. The field of psychobiology explores the ways in which ________. a. evolution has shaped our instincts, drives, urges, and needs b. biological processes affect our behavior Correct: Psychobiology deals with biological bases of behaviors and mental processes. c. our mental state affects our physica ...
... 4. The field of psychobiology explores the ways in which ________. a. evolution has shaped our instincts, drives, urges, and needs b. biological processes affect our behavior Correct: Psychobiology deals with biological bases of behaviors and mental processes. c. our mental state affects our physica ...
2017
... My laboratory has employed a variety of anatomical and physiological methods to elucidate auditory function. In this talk, I will very briefly touch upon a few examples of how we have applied these methodologies at several levels of the auditory system. We have (among others) examined structure/func ...
... My laboratory has employed a variety of anatomical and physiological methods to elucidate auditory function. In this talk, I will very briefly touch upon a few examples of how we have applied these methodologies at several levels of the auditory system. We have (among others) examined structure/func ...
- Journal of Pain, The
... Abstract: The past few decades have witnessed a huge leap forward in our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of pain, in normal states where it helps protect from injury, and also in pathological states where pain evolves from a symptom reflecting tissue injury to become the disease itsel ...
... Abstract: The past few decades have witnessed a huge leap forward in our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of pain, in normal states where it helps protect from injury, and also in pathological states where pain evolves from a symptom reflecting tissue injury to become the disease itsel ...
... functionally integrated neuronal cells from their progenitors. These processes appear to be mediated via activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK and the PI3K/PDK1/PKB signaling pathways and are associated with a selective increase in protein translation. Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) is a serine/threonine prote ...
Anatomy and physiology of the esophageal body
... Esophageal pain is known to resemble one from cardiac origin, i.e. noncardiac chest pain. This resemblance is due to convergence of sensory afferent fibers from the heart and esophagus in the same spinal dorsal horn neuron in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord.11–13 The concept of visceral hypers ...
... Esophageal pain is known to resemble one from cardiac origin, i.e. noncardiac chest pain. This resemblance is due to convergence of sensory afferent fibers from the heart and esophagus in the same spinal dorsal horn neuron in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord.11–13 The concept of visceral hypers ...
Technologies émergentes de mémoire résistive pour les systèmes
... Santosh. From my advisor Barbara I learnt important qualities such as (i) Being self-critical and looking at things objectively. (ii) Pinpointing what actually matters; Barbara has a hawk’s eye, from a great height she can see a small fish in the vast sea. In other words, when you work on strongly i ...
... Santosh. From my advisor Barbara I learnt important qualities such as (i) Being self-critical and looking at things objectively. (ii) Pinpointing what actually matters; Barbara has a hawk’s eye, from a great height she can see a small fish in the vast sea. In other words, when you work on strongly i ...
Abstract of “Primate frontal eye fields mediate spatial attention in
... FEF is retinotopically organized and has a map of visual field eccentricity (Schall, 2009). Many functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson ...
... FEF is retinotopically organized and has a map of visual field eccentricity (Schall, 2009). Many functionally different types of neurons have been identified in FEF. Movement neurons begin to fire approximately 50ms before the initiation of a saccadic eye movement (Bruce and Goldberg, 1985; Thompson ...
Serum kisspeptin levels across different phases of the menstrual
... to the kisspeptin neurons and they express kisspeptin receptor as well.5,6 Kisspeptin is believed to mediate gonadal steroid feedback to the hypothalamus. Although androgens, oestrogen and progesterone suppress gonadotropin secretion, none of these sex steroids affect GnRH secretion by direct action ...
... to the kisspeptin neurons and they express kisspeptin receptor as well.5,6 Kisspeptin is believed to mediate gonadal steroid feedback to the hypothalamus. Although androgens, oestrogen and progesterone suppress gonadotropin secretion, none of these sex steroids affect GnRH secretion by direct action ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
... 0.05) and in a post hoc test of monkey P (p < 0.05). 2) The behavioral reaction time was inconsistently related to anticipated reward size (Fig. 3E). It was significantly lower on bigreward trials in monkey P (t-test, p < 0.0001) and on small-reward trials in monkey F (t-test, p < 0.0001). 3) Fixati ...
... 0.05) and in a post hoc test of monkey P (p < 0.05). 2) The behavioral reaction time was inconsistently related to anticipated reward size (Fig. 3E). It was significantly lower on bigreward trials in monkey P (t-test, p < 0.0001) and on small-reward trials in monkey F (t-test, p < 0.0001). 3) Fixati ...
Dopamine neurons projecting to the posterior striatum form an
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
... brain, just ~30,000 dopamine neurons reside in these nuclei (Zaborszky and Vadasz, 2001). As with other monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain such as serotonin and noradrenaline, this small population of midbrain dopamine neurons exerts its influence over much of the brain as a neuromodulator. Ho ...
First-in-first-out item replacement in a model of
... and retrieval that alternate in each cycle of a theta rhythm in the recurrent networks that receive spike input from that buffer (Koene et al., 2003; Koene and Hasselmo, 2005). By contrast, Jensen et al. (1996) relied on temporally separated periods of at least several seconds that are devoted exclu ...
... and retrieval that alternate in each cycle of a theta rhythm in the recurrent networks that receive spike input from that buffer (Koene et al., 2003; Koene and Hasselmo, 2005). By contrast, Jensen et al. (1996) relied on temporally separated periods of at least several seconds that are devoted exclu ...
A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA suppresses behavioral, thermal and
... which is considered to be potentially toxic to serotonergic nerve terminals of rodents and non-human primates (Green et al. 1995; Scheffel et al. 1998). The evidence of MDMA-induced 5-HT toxicity is based on biochemical studies in which there is a reduction in the tissue concentration of 5-HT and it ...
... which is considered to be potentially toxic to serotonergic nerve terminals of rodents and non-human primates (Green et al. 1995; Scheffel et al. 1998). The evidence of MDMA-induced 5-HT toxicity is based on biochemical studies in which there is a reduction in the tissue concentration of 5-HT and it ...
- The Human Brain
... in lower mamals (Barbeau, 1973 ; Stevens, 1973) . The limbic striatum (nucleus accumbens, nucleus olfactorius and nucleus of the stria terminalis) together with the septal nuclei are fairly voluminous in animals up to the primate but only minute in man . It is possible that the limbic striatum plays ...
... in lower mamals (Barbeau, 1973 ; Stevens, 1973) . The limbic striatum (nucleus accumbens, nucleus olfactorius and nucleus of the stria terminalis) together with the septal nuclei are fairly voluminous in animals up to the primate but only minute in man . It is possible that the limbic striatum plays ...
Pallidal Discharge Related to the Kinematics of Reaching
... have opposing effects on motor centers, it also is important to examine how these opposing changes in discharge are related to parameters of movement. To date, the only consistent difference that has been found, in both GPe and GPi, is that movement-related increases in discharge are at least twice ...
... have opposing effects on motor centers, it also is important to examine how these opposing changes in discharge are related to parameters of movement. To date, the only consistent difference that has been found, in both GPe and GPi, is that movement-related increases in discharge are at least twice ...
Document
... optic nerves reach the brain. In the first study, a lesion of this suprachiasmatic area caused the disappearance of the behavioral rhythms in drinking and running in a running wheel (14). The second study investigated the daily rhythm in corticosterone production by the adrenal gland, and found that ...
... optic nerves reach the brain. In the first study, a lesion of this suprachiasmatic area caused the disappearance of the behavioral rhythms in drinking and running in a running wheel (14). The second study investigated the daily rhythm in corticosterone production by the adrenal gland, and found that ...
Early Sensory Pathways for Detection of Fearful Conditioned Stimuli
... the grid floor of the occupied half of the shuttle box. This mild electrical footshock motivates the animal to move readily to the adjacent compartment (escape response), at which point the footshock and CS are coterminated, ending the trial. During the intertrial interval (ITI), the animal awaited ...
... the grid floor of the occupied half of the shuttle box. This mild electrical footshock motivates the animal to move readily to the adjacent compartment (escape response), at which point the footshock and CS are coterminated, ending the trial. During the intertrial interval (ITI), the animal awaited ...
response inhibition is differentially related to instrumental and
... A diagnosis for an antisocial personality disorder has similar behavioral criteria as conduct disorder, except that it is diagnosed in adults (Loeber et al, 2000). A study by Dolan & Park (2002) investigated whether patients with a diagnosis for an antisocial personality disorder show deficits in ne ...
... A diagnosis for an antisocial personality disorder has similar behavioral criteria as conduct disorder, except that it is diagnosed in adults (Loeber et al, 2000). A study by Dolan & Park (2002) investigated whether patients with a diagnosis for an antisocial personality disorder show deficits in ne ...
A Study of the Effects of Caffeine and Serotonin
... According to the Food and Drug Administration, 90% of Americans consume caffeine daily. Caffeine is a drug and a central nervous stimulant that blocks the activity of certain neurotransmitters that are important parts of a functioning body. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps provide healthy ...
... According to the Food and Drug Administration, 90% of Americans consume caffeine daily. Caffeine is a drug and a central nervous stimulant that blocks the activity of certain neurotransmitters that are important parts of a functioning body. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that helps provide healthy ...
INVESTIGATING THE SOPHISTICATION OF LONG-LATENCY UPPER LIMB
... A recent theory of motor control, based on optimal feedback control, posits that voluntary motor behaviour involves the sophisticated manipulation of sensory feedback. Although this theory can explain how people move in the world, it does not specifically describe how this control process is impleme ...
... A recent theory of motor control, based on optimal feedback control, posits that voluntary motor behaviour involves the sophisticated manipulation of sensory feedback. Although this theory can explain how people move in the world, it does not specifically describe how this control process is impleme ...
1 - Test Bank
... b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft covering to hold axons in place Incorrect: While the myelin is a covering that surrounds the axon, it is not there to hold the axon ...
... b. receive messages from outside the neuron and carry them to the cell nucleus c. provide a place for neural respiration and cell metabolism to occur d. provide a soft covering to hold axons in place Incorrect: While the myelin is a covering that surrounds the axon, it is not there to hold the axon ...
PDF
... Neuronal polarity is regulated by a direct interaction between a scaffolding protein, Neurabin, and a presynaptic SAD-1 kinase in Caenorhabditis elegans Wesley Hung, Christine Hwang, Michelle D. Po and Mei Zhen* The establishment of axon-dendrite identity in developing neurites is essential for the ...
... Neuronal polarity is regulated by a direct interaction between a scaffolding protein, Neurabin, and a presynaptic SAD-1 kinase in Caenorhabditis elegans Wesley Hung, Christine Hwang, Michelle D. Po and Mei Zhen* The establishment of axon-dendrite identity in developing neurites is essential for the ...
FULL TEXT PDF - Neuroendocrinology Letters
... cartilaginous strip with two pairs of comb shaped keratin-based teeth (a “rasping tongue”), which attaches to food and conveys it toward the pharynx. The mouth is not involved in the intake of respiratory water, but instead water is siphoned through a single nasopharyngeal duct (nostril) at the head ...
... cartilaginous strip with two pairs of comb shaped keratin-based teeth (a “rasping tongue”), which attaches to food and conveys it toward the pharynx. The mouth is not involved in the intake of respiratory water, but instead water is siphoned through a single nasopharyngeal duct (nostril) at the head ...
Prefrontal Cortex Activity during Flexible Categorization
... between the 100% and 80% morphs and the 80% and 60% morphs for both categories and averaging these values. The between-category difference (BCD) was computed by averaging the across-boundary differences between the 60% of one category and 60% of the other category. The distance between the images wa ...
... between the 100% and 80% morphs and the 80% and 60% morphs for both categories and averaging these values. The between-category difference (BCD) was computed by averaging the across-boundary differences between the 60% of one category and 60% of the other category. The distance between the images wa ...
neuroanatomy - University of Toledo
... easy to appreciate the aesthetic qualities of Dr. Netter’s work, but to overlook its intellectual qualities is to miss the real strength and intent of the art. This intellectual process requires thorough understanding of the topic, as Dr. Netter wrote: “Strange as it may seem, the hardest part of ma ...
... easy to appreciate the aesthetic qualities of Dr. Netter’s work, but to overlook its intellectual qualities is to miss the real strength and intent of the art. This intellectual process requires thorough understanding of the topic, as Dr. Netter wrote: “Strange as it may seem, the hardest part of ma ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.