Peptides that regulate food intake: orexin gene expression is increased during states of hypertriglyceridemia
... control of the orexins. Because the LH contains neurons that are stimulated by a decline in glucose levels (44), it is not surprising that a subset of orexin neurons concentrated in this area is also affected by this change in glucose (41). In addition, orexin expression increases in response to ins ...
... control of the orexins. Because the LH contains neurons that are stimulated by a decline in glucose levels (44), it is not surprising that a subset of orexin neurons concentrated in this area is also affected by this change in glucose (41). In addition, orexin expression increases in response to ins ...
Examination of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
... considered a thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme in euthyroid conditions by producing inactive rT3 or T2 [14]. The liver and kidney, where D1 participates in the clearance of TH derivatives, contains a relatively large concentration of this enzyme, but D1 is also present in the anterior pituitary, i ...
... considered a thyroid hormone inactivating enzyme in euthyroid conditions by producing inactive rT3 or T2 [14]. The liver and kidney, where D1 participates in the clearance of TH derivatives, contains a relatively large concentration of this enzyme, but D1 is also present in the anterior pituitary, i ...
Cumming BG, Parker AJ.
... with a representation of absolute disparity, only two studies (Motter and Poggio, 1984, 1990) have attempted to distinguish between representations based on absolute or relative disparity. They examined this issue by analyzing the effect of errors in convergence (fixation disparities) in awake monke ...
... with a representation of absolute disparity, only two studies (Motter and Poggio, 1984, 1990) have attempted to distinguish between representations based on absolute or relative disparity. They examined this issue by analyzing the effect of errors in convergence (fixation disparities) in awake monke ...
Document
... as well through multifunctional spinoreticular tracts and the fasciculus proprius.7 The reticular formation (central core of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain) contains bifurcating axons that project up through the paleospino-reticular-diencephalic pathways to the diencephalon (thalamus and ...
... as well through multifunctional spinoreticular tracts and the fasciculus proprius.7 The reticular formation (central core of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain) contains bifurcating axons that project up through the paleospino-reticular-diencephalic pathways to the diencephalon (thalamus and ...
Chapter 14 PowerPoint - IHMC Public Cmaps (2)
... Cell increases in metabolic activity, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity New terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment Process limited to myelinated axons ...
... Cell increases in metabolic activity, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial activity New terminal sprouts project from the proximal segment Process limited to myelinated axons ...
Neuron 2013 Bartolini
... broadly classified into five categories (Figure 1). The most abundant group consists of interneurons with the electrophysiological signature of fast-spiking neurons. It includes two main classes of interneurons: basket cells and chandelier cells (Markram et al., 2004). Most fast-spiking interneurons ...
... broadly classified into five categories (Figure 1). The most abundant group consists of interneurons with the electrophysiological signature of fast-spiking neurons. It includes two main classes of interneurons: basket cells and chandelier cells (Markram et al., 2004). Most fast-spiking interneurons ...
The dorsal raphe nucleus—From silver stainings to a role in
... In their studies on the rat DRN, Dahlström and Fuxe used formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), which had been developed by Falck et al. (1962) for visualization of monoamines. The FIF-technique soon became the most popular tool for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A majo ...
... In their studies on the rat DRN, Dahlström and Fuxe used formaldehyde-induced fluorescence (FIF), which had been developed by Falck et al. (1962) for visualization of monoamines. The FIF-technique soon became the most popular tool for visualizing serotonergic neurons in the DRN and elsewhere. A majo ...
Disorders of Acid
... crosses with ease and in the process reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3− ions. It is the H+ ion that stimulates the respiratory center, causing an increase or decrease in ventilation. The respiratory control of pH is rapid, occurring within minutes, and is ma ...
... crosses with ease and in the process reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into H+ and HCO3− ions. It is the H+ ion that stimulates the respiratory center, causing an increase or decrease in ventilation. The respiratory control of pH is rapid, occurring within minutes, and is ma ...
Functional Heterogeneity in the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis
... the oval nucleus (Sakanaka et al., 1987; Phelix and Paull, 1990), which also express a fast inwardly rectifying K ⫹ conductance (known as Type III cells; Fig. 3C) (Dabrowska et al., 2013a; but see Silberman et al., 2013). It should be noted that the number of CRF-positive BNST neurons is higher in r ...
... the oval nucleus (Sakanaka et al., 1987; Phelix and Paull, 1990), which also express a fast inwardly rectifying K ⫹ conductance (known as Type III cells; Fig. 3C) (Dabrowska et al., 2013a; but see Silberman et al., 2013). It should be noted that the number of CRF-positive BNST neurons is higher in r ...
Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental
... response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all neurons have died in control cultures. Furthermore, since the serum-free medium used in t ...
... response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all neurons have died in control cultures. Furthermore, since the serum-free medium used in t ...
The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
... The hypothalamuspituitary complex can be thought of as the command center of the endocrine system. This complex secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands. ...
... The hypothalamuspituitary complex can be thought of as the command center of the endocrine system. This complex secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands. ...
Topic - We can offer most test bank and solution manual you need.
... 1. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. a) brain; spinal cord b) autonomic; somatic nervous systems c) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system d) glands; muscles 2. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon ...
... 1. The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. a) brain; spinal cord b) autonomic; somatic nervous systems c) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system d) glands; muscles 2. Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... It has been challenging to study the neuronal afferents to orexin neurons because they are scattered sparsely within the LHA. To address this point, retrograde tracing studies were performed. The non-toxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) can be utilized to retrogradely transfer the fused ...
... It has been challenging to study the neuronal afferents to orexin neurons because they are scattered sparsely within the LHA. To address this point, retrograde tracing studies were performed. The non-toxic C-terminal fragment of tetanus toxin (TTC) can be utilized to retrogradely transfer the fused ...
Chemical Transmitters and Modulation of Sleep
... changes in the availability of cell surface receptors across behavioral states. We show that following sleep deprivation, the presence and the intensity of GABAARs on the BF cholinergie cell membrane were increased. Such activity dependent changes of GABAARs could underlie homeostatic regulation ofw ...
... changes in the availability of cell surface receptors across behavioral states. We show that following sleep deprivation, the presence and the intensity of GABAARs on the BF cholinergie cell membrane were increased. Such activity dependent changes of GABAARs could underlie homeostatic regulation ofw ...
Cystatin C prevents degeneration of rat nigral dopaminergic neurons
... striatum on DA neurons. Thus, the striatum appears to play a role in self-neuronal protection when neurodegeneration of midbrain DA neurons occurs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neural plasticity of the DA-denervated striatum are far from being elucidated. Cystatin C, a cysteine p ...
... striatum on DA neurons. Thus, the striatum appears to play a role in self-neuronal protection when neurodegeneration of midbrain DA neurons occurs. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the neural plasticity of the DA-denervated striatum are far from being elucidated. Cystatin C, a cysteine p ...
Section Summary
... Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms: Drinking Two Types of Thirst • Our bodies lose water continuously, primarily through evaporation. • Each breath exposes the moist inner surfaces of the respiratory system to the air; thus, each breath causes the loss of a small amount of water. • In addition, ou ...
... Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms: Drinking Two Types of Thirst • Our bodies lose water continuously, primarily through evaporation. • Each breath exposes the moist inner surfaces of the respiratory system to the air; thus, each breath causes the loss of a small amount of water. • In addition, ou ...
Neurophysiological effects of spinal manipulation
... Results: Biomechanical changes caused by spinal manipulation are thought to have physiological consequences by means of their effects on the inflow of sensory information to the central nervous system. Muscle spindle afferents and Golgi tendon organ afferents are stimulated by spinal manipulation. S ...
... Results: Biomechanical changes caused by spinal manipulation are thought to have physiological consequences by means of their effects on the inflow of sensory information to the central nervous system. Muscle spindle afferents and Golgi tendon organ afferents are stimulated by spinal manipulation. S ...
Selective Loss of Calcitonin Gene–Related Peptide
... rats (18), despite dramatic reduction of CGRP and substance P mRNA in the DRG (5,14,18). The mechanical and nociceptive afferents could interact with each other through the interneurons at the spinal cord level. Touch-induced pain seems to involve incoming activity from low-threshold mechanoreceptor ...
... rats (18), despite dramatic reduction of CGRP and substance P mRNA in the DRG (5,14,18). The mechanical and nociceptive afferents could interact with each other through the interneurons at the spinal cord level. Touch-induced pain seems to involve incoming activity from low-threshold mechanoreceptor ...
the role of zinc in the pathogenesis and treatment of central nervous
... voltage dependent inhibition by blocking open channels (21, 25). Another interaction mechanism consists of inhibition of GABA receptor-mediated response, which leads to reduction of neuronal excitability. Furthermore, zinc can enhance AMPA receptors in postsynaptic cells and in that way zinc may reg ...
... voltage dependent inhibition by blocking open channels (21, 25). Another interaction mechanism consists of inhibition of GABA receptor-mediated response, which leads to reduction of neuronal excitability. Furthermore, zinc can enhance AMPA receptors in postsynaptic cells and in that way zinc may reg ...
Chemical cues and pheromones in the sea lamprey (Petromyzon
... superfamily [32]. In the sea lamprey, chemosensory receptor genes include at least 27 olfactory receptor (OR)-type genes, 28 trace amino acid receptors (TAAR)-type and 4 vomeronasal type one (V1R)-type genes [33–35]. Signal transduction following odorant binding is not yet fully described in lamprey ...
... superfamily [32]. In the sea lamprey, chemosensory receptor genes include at least 27 olfactory receptor (OR)-type genes, 28 trace amino acid receptors (TAAR)-type and 4 vomeronasal type one (V1R)-type genes [33–35]. Signal transduction following odorant binding is not yet fully described in lamprey ...
The Role of Kisspeptin Signaling in Reproduction
... increases inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) levels in the cell (55, 73, 116) (FIGURE 3). The subsequent increase in intracellular Ca2⫹ and DAG activates protein kinase C and initiates a kinase phosphorylation cascade resulting in phosphorylation of ERK1/2. DAG also stimulates GnRH ...
... increases inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) levels in the cell (55, 73, 116) (FIGURE 3). The subsequent increase in intracellular Ca2⫹ and DAG activates protein kinase C and initiates a kinase phosphorylation cascade resulting in phosphorylation of ERK1/2. DAG also stimulates GnRH ...
Dendritic Spine Density Varies Between Unisensory
... (Purpura 1974). Studies have shown decreases in spine density in neocortical pyramidal neurons in patients with schizophrenia. One study of schizophrenics found 59 and 66% decreases in spine density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et ...
... (Purpura 1974). Studies have shown decreases in spine density in neocortical pyramidal neurons in patients with schizophrenia. One study of schizophrenics found 59 and 66% decreases in spine density in temporal and frontal cortical regions, respectively (Garey et al 1998). Another study (Glantz et ...
Number, Density, and Surface/Cytoplasmic
... [email protected]. Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/02/2210251-16$15.00/0 ...
... [email protected]. Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/02/2210251-16$15.00/0 ...
The importance of Wnt signalling for neurodegeneration in
... for maintaining physiological function in the adult brain is becoming increasingly clear. Wnt signalling cascades fit a textbook idea of signal transduction, linking an extracellular stimulus to altered gene expression via plasma membrane receptors and intracellular signalling mechanisms [2–4]. The ...
... for maintaining physiological function in the adult brain is becoming increasingly clear. Wnt signalling cascades fit a textbook idea of signal transduction, linking an extracellular stimulus to altered gene expression via plasma membrane receptors and intracellular signalling mechanisms [2–4]. The ...
A divergent canonical WNT-signaling pathway
... and cell polarity. Neurons are highly polarized cells in which microtubules are required for the formation and stability of axons and dendrites (Baas, 1999). Microtubules are highly dynamic polymers with a short half-life of minutes to seconds (for review see Desai and Mitchison, 1997). The dynamic ...
... and cell polarity. Neurons are highly polarized cells in which microtubules are required for the formation and stability of axons and dendrites (Baas, 1999). Microtubules are highly dynamic polymers with a short half-life of minutes to seconds (for review see Desai and Mitchison, 1997). The dynamic ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.