Inhibitory Gating of Basolateral Amygdala Inputs to the Prefrontal
... onto neighboring parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons. Inhibitory connections from these two populations of interneurons are also much stronger onto corticoamygdala neurons. Consequently, BLA inputs are able to drive robust feedforward inhibition via two parallel interneuron pathways ...
... onto neighboring parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons. Inhibitory connections from these two populations of interneurons are also much stronger onto corticoamygdala neurons. Consequently, BLA inputs are able to drive robust feedforward inhibition via two parallel interneuron pathways ...
Kazumi TAKAHASHI†*, Jian-Sheng LIN† and Kazuya - HAL
... principal sleep-promoting cell group within the POA and BFB (Sherin et al., 1996). More recent c-fos studies found other sleep-promoting cell groups, as well as waking-promoting ones, in the POA and BFB (Gong et al., 2000; Gvilia et al., 2006; Modirrousta et al., 2004). However, c-fos expression stu ...
... principal sleep-promoting cell group within the POA and BFB (Sherin et al., 1996). More recent c-fos studies found other sleep-promoting cell groups, as well as waking-promoting ones, in the POA and BFB (Gong et al., 2000; Gvilia et al., 2006; Modirrousta et al., 2004). However, c-fos expression stu ...
Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
... The inset shows how duration was measured at the point where the mean frequency line crossed the central peak. The 2 dashed lines represent the 95% confidence interval. The next peak in the autocorrelogram reveals the period of the oscillation (see Materials and Methods for details). (B) Power spect ...
Structure and Function of the Brain Serotonin System
... is a paramedian and median cluster of cells lying below and caudal to the SCD (Fig. 2). The group has a rostrocaudal oblique orientation (34,305), and the paramedian columns are separated by as much as 400 pm in cats and monkeys. Rostrally, the cells from this group end around and within the caudal ...
... is a paramedian and median cluster of cells lying below and caudal to the SCD (Fig. 2). The group has a rostrocaudal oblique orientation (34,305), and the paramedian columns are separated by as much as 400 pm in cats and monkeys. Rostrally, the cells from this group end around and within the caudal ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... in contrast, may support motor habits by encoding associations between stimuli and responses (S–R associations). To test whether neural correlates in striatum in fact conform to this pattern, we recorded single-units in dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum of rats performing a task in which R–O con ...
... in contrast, may support motor habits by encoding associations between stimuli and responses (S–R associations). To test whether neural correlates in striatum in fact conform to this pattern, we recorded single-units in dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatum of rats performing a task in which R–O con ...
Galanin-like peptide: a key player in the homeostatic regulation of
... and its cDNA has been cloned from pig,7 rat,7,8 mouse,9,10 monkey11 and human.7 GALP can be detected in the general circulation, with a high concentration being found in the blood. Fasting for 48 h, but not for 24 h decreases both plasma GALP levels and GALP influx into the brain.12 To date, GALP ha ...
... and its cDNA has been cloned from pig,7 rat,7,8 mouse,9,10 monkey11 and human.7 GALP can be detected in the general circulation, with a high concentration being found in the blood. Fasting for 48 h, but not for 24 h decreases both plasma GALP levels and GALP influx into the brain.12 To date, GALP ha ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... broad range of stimulus intensities and frequencies, including those likely to induce long-term potentiation. The amount of Zn2⫹ release was dependent on stimulation frequency (1–200 Hz) and intensity. Release of Zn2⫹ required sodium-dependent action potentials and was dependent on extracellular Ca2 ...
... broad range of stimulus intensities and frequencies, including those likely to induce long-term potentiation. The amount of Zn2⫹ release was dependent on stimulation frequency (1–200 Hz) and intensity. Release of Zn2⫹ required sodium-dependent action potentials and was dependent on extracellular Ca2 ...
Okamoto Devel Neurbiol Review
... approach to or avoid from the goal or in the discrepancy between the expectation of reward and the obtained result, this system inhibits the ongoing behaviors and switches the behaviors of the individual animals into the stop-and-explore mode. The animals fall into the state of anxiety while the con ...
... approach to or avoid from the goal or in the discrepancy between the expectation of reward and the obtained result, this system inhibits the ongoing behaviors and switches the behaviors of the individual animals into the stop-and-explore mode. The animals fall into the state of anxiety while the con ...
The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... models of the basal ganglia assume that the teaching message is transmitted to striatal territories and reshapes the behavioral policy. Reinforcement learning models have influenced basal ganglia research for the last decade, yet there are still many fundamental questions which have not been address ...
... models of the basal ganglia assume that the teaching message is transmitted to striatal territories and reshapes the behavioral policy. Reinforcement learning models have influenced basal ganglia research for the last decade, yet there are still many fundamental questions which have not been address ...
Principles of Neural Science - Weizmann Institute of Science
... Reflexes are involuntary coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli. They are typically isolated in animals in which motor pathways from higher brain centers to the spinal cord have been cut (such animals are called decerebrate or spinal animals dependin ...
... Reflexes are involuntary coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation elicited by peripheral stimuli. They are typically isolated in animals in which motor pathways from higher brain centers to the spinal cord have been cut (such animals are called decerebrate or spinal animals dependin ...
The Placebo Effect
... 115,000 papers can be found. Most of the papers are clinical trials in which an active treatment is compared with a placebo, some are reviews about placebo effects in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and others are papers dealing with both social and philosophical implications of the placebo pheno ...
... 115,000 papers can be found. Most of the papers are clinical trials in which an active treatment is compared with a placebo, some are reviews about placebo effects in pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and others are papers dealing with both social and philosophical implications of the placebo pheno ...
Selective attention through selective neuronal synchronization
... local field potential (LFP). The LFP reflects the summed transmembrane currents of neurons within few hundred micrometers of tissue. Since synchronized currents sum up much more efficiently than unsynchronized currents, the LFP reflects primarily synchronized synaptic activity. Changes in LFP power ...
... local field potential (LFP). The LFP reflects the summed transmembrane currents of neurons within few hundred micrometers of tissue. Since synchronized currents sum up much more efficiently than unsynchronized currents, the LFP reflects primarily synchronized synaptic activity. Changes in LFP power ...
Stimulus Configuration, Classical Conditioning, and
... do not respond to the US and are also segregated from those coding CR information. Wible, Findling, Shapiro, Lang, Crane, and Olton (1986) observed that, in a variety of learning tasks, hippocampal cells respond not only to individual stimuli but to combinations of stimulus dimensions such as color, ...
... do not respond to the US and are also segregated from those coding CR information. Wible, Findling, Shapiro, Lang, Crane, and Olton (1986) observed that, in a variety of learning tasks, hippocampal cells respond not only to individual stimuli but to combinations of stimulus dimensions such as color, ...
NJP VOLUME 40 No 1B
... ‘nociceptors’ play a central role. Nociceptors are the receptors of sensory neurons that are located in the skin, mucosa or internal organs. Pain arises when these receptors are activated by a possibly damaging stimulus. Different types of nociceptors perceive different types of stimuli, and these i ...
... ‘nociceptors’ play a central role. Nociceptors are the receptors of sensory neurons that are located in the skin, mucosa or internal organs. Pain arises when these receptors are activated by a possibly damaging stimulus. Different types of nociceptors perceive different types of stimuli, and these i ...
Development of Structure and Sensitivity of the Fish Inner Ear
... auditory structures that remain poorly understood across vertebrate taxa. For example, how does auditory reception and its neural processing change during ontogeny? Which morphological changes occur in the inner ear versus the central auditory system that may account for developmental improvements i ...
... auditory structures that remain poorly understood across vertebrate taxa. For example, how does auditory reception and its neural processing change during ontogeny? Which morphological changes occur in the inner ear versus the central auditory system that may account for developmental improvements i ...
Learning-related postburst afterhyperpolarization reduction in CA1
... The main finding of the present study is that learning the hippocampus-dependent trace EBC task occluded the PKAmediated AHP reduction in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additionally, the learning-related AHP reduction in CA1 neurons was again demonstrated ex vivo. This reproducible AHP reduction in CA1 neur ...
... The main finding of the present study is that learning the hippocampus-dependent trace EBC task occluded the PKAmediated AHP reduction in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additionally, the learning-related AHP reduction in CA1 neurons was again demonstrated ex vivo. This reproducible AHP reduction in CA1 neur ...
to the Proceedings
... The classic view of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is that the “primary” targets are hair cells, and that cochlear-nerve loss occurs only “secondary” to hair cell degeneration. Our work has challenged that view. In noise-induced hearing loss, exposures causing only reversible threshold shifts (an ...
... The classic view of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is that the “primary” targets are hair cells, and that cochlear-nerve loss occurs only “secondary” to hair cell degeneration. Our work has challenged that view. In noise-induced hearing loss, exposures causing only reversible threshold shifts (an ...
Transitional Probabilities Are Prioritized over Stimulus/Pattern
... (Sussman et al., 1998, 2002). If deviance detection were based on low-probability patterns, then the first-tone and the reversal deviant should be detected with the same timing, as both begin with a different tone than the standard. Further, the reversal deviant should produce the best behavioral de ...
... (Sussman et al., 1998, 2002). If deviance detection were based on low-probability patterns, then the first-tone and the reversal deviant should be detected with the same timing, as both begin with a different tone than the standard. Further, the reversal deviant should produce the best behavioral de ...
Regulation of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by
... application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude of sEPSCs was 13.2 ± 1.4 pA (range from 7.5 to 19.2 pA) before and 10.3 ± 0.6 pA (range from 8.0 to 13.7 pA) after appli ...
... application of 100 µM resveratrol the frequency of sEPSCs significantly increased to 4.2 ± 0.8 Hz (range from 0.8 to 8.2 Hz, n = 8, p < 0.05) (Figures 1A–C). The average amplitude of sEPSCs was 13.2 ± 1.4 pA (range from 7.5 to 19.2 pA) before and 10.3 ± 0.6 pA (range from 8.0 to 13.7 pA) after appli ...
PDF - Journal of Neuroscience
... response epoch. Preference is specified for each cell individually (thick lines represent preferred direction, thin lines represent nonpreferred direction). Red lines refer to STOP trials and blue lines refer to GO trials. Solid lines represent correct trials; dashed lines represent incorrect trials ...
... response epoch. Preference is specified for each cell individually (thick lines represent preferred direction, thin lines represent nonpreferred direction). Red lines refer to STOP trials and blue lines refer to GO trials. Solid lines represent correct trials; dashed lines represent incorrect trials ...
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Michael T. Treadway , David H. Zald
... anymore,’ or not feeling any enjoyment in activities that were previously considered pleasurable” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 349). In other words, clinical diagnosis of anhedonia does not discriminate between a decrease in motivation and a reduction in experienced pleasure. The fail ...
... anymore,’ or not feeling any enjoyment in activities that were previously considered pleasurable” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 349). In other words, clinical diagnosis of anhedonia does not discriminate between a decrease in motivation and a reduction in experienced pleasure. The fail ...
Reconsidering anhedonia in depression
... anymore,’ or not feeling any enjoyment in activities that were previously considered pleasurable” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 349). In other words, clinical diagnosis of anhedonia does not discriminate between a decrease in motivation and a reduction in experienced pleasure. The fail ...
... anymore,’ or not feeling any enjoyment in activities that were previously considered pleasurable” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p. 349). In other words, clinical diagnosis of anhedonia does not discriminate between a decrease in motivation and a reduction in experienced pleasure. The fail ...
Glossopharyngeal Nerve Transection Eliminates
... FLI neurons were concentrated medially within the rostral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the first central synaptic relay in the gustatory system. After stimulation with sucrose, FLI neurons were distributed more evenly along its mediolateral axis. Although the more medial distr ...
... FLI neurons were concentrated medially within the rostral portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), the first central synaptic relay in the gustatory system. After stimulation with sucrose, FLI neurons were distributed more evenly along its mediolateral axis. Although the more medial distr ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... ear are shorter than normal, whereas in low-frequency regions, dendrites of deprived neurons are longer than normal (Smith et al., 1983). Thus, dendritic structure is rapidly responsive to changes in afferent activity. Increasing afferent activity by raising either young or adult rats in enriched en ...
... ear are shorter than normal, whereas in low-frequency regions, dendrites of deprived neurons are longer than normal (Smith et al., 1983). Thus, dendritic structure is rapidly responsive to changes in afferent activity. Increasing afferent activity by raising either young or adult rats in enriched en ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.