A Brain-to-Brain Interface for Real
... n his seminal study on information transfer between biological organisms, Ralph Hartley wrote that ‘‘in any given communication the sender mentally selects a particular symbol and by some bodily motion, as his vocal mechanism, causes the receiver to be directed to that particular symbol’’1. Brain-ma ...
... n his seminal study on information transfer between biological organisms, Ralph Hartley wrote that ‘‘in any given communication the sender mentally selects a particular symbol and by some bodily motion, as his vocal mechanism, causes the receiver to be directed to that particular symbol’’1. Brain-ma ...
Human Physiology (Biol
... Biochemistry of Synaptic Transmission Membrane Potentials and Signal Conduction ...
... Biochemistry of Synaptic Transmission Membrane Potentials and Signal Conduction ...
PDF of article - Janelia Research Campus
... traverse the unlabeled primary neuron cell body clusters and end up in the neuropile of primary neuron arborizations (Fig. 2). While identifying a SAT as such is simple, the assignment of a precise identity in relation to published descriptions and nomenclature (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006) is ext ...
... traverse the unlabeled primary neuron cell body clusters and end up in the neuropile of primary neuron arborizations (Fig. 2). While identifying a SAT as such is simple, the assignment of a precise identity in relation to published descriptions and nomenclature (Pereanu and Hartenstein, 2006) is ext ...
Might the olfactory bulb be an origin of olfactory auras in focal
... Synaptic glomeruli exhibit less synaptophysin expression at 16 weeks than at older gestational ages; all are reactive by term. Calretinin, by contrast, is not yet expressed in most of the synaptic glomeruli at mid-gestation, but is strong in the primary olfactory nerve axons forming layer 1 (Sarnat ...
... Synaptic glomeruli exhibit less synaptophysin expression at 16 weeks than at older gestational ages; all are reactive by term. Calretinin, by contrast, is not yet expressed in most of the synaptic glomeruli at mid-gestation, but is strong in the primary olfactory nerve axons forming layer 1 (Sarnat ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... seem unlikely. Massive morphological diversity is certainly well documented in mammals, with at least eight different morphological subclasses of astrocytes having been described in the human cerebral cortex [7]. It is reasonable to assume this extreme diversity might represent an equally varied arr ...
... seem unlikely. Massive morphological diversity is certainly well documented in mammals, with at least eight different morphological subclasses of astrocytes having been described in the human cerebral cortex [7]. It is reasonable to assume this extreme diversity might represent an equally varied arr ...
cortical limbic system: a computational model. PhD thesis. htt
... when all I could think of was science. To Craig’s family for making me feel at home especially when I missed home. To my family, for all your support. I am indebted to them for the sacrifices that they made to put me through education. Thank you. ...
... when all I could think of was science. To Craig’s family for making me feel at home especially when I missed home. To my family, for all your support. I am indebted to them for the sacrifices that they made to put me through education. Thank you. ...
Using light to tell the time of day: sensory coding in the mammalian
... Fig. 2. Colour and brightness as indicators of time of day. (A) Spectral irradiance of ‘average’ daylight measured when the sun is 6 deg above or below the horizon. Note that, in addition to the pronounced difference in the amount of light, there is also a substantial change in spectral composition, ...
... Fig. 2. Colour and brightness as indicators of time of day. (A) Spectral irradiance of ‘average’ daylight measured when the sun is 6 deg above or below the horizon. Note that, in addition to the pronounced difference in the amount of light, there is also a substantial change in spectral composition, ...
PDF
... A family of small homodimeric proteins termed neurotrophins plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Some of the most extensive information on the function of these proteins has come from work on sensory neurons and their progenitors. At an early developmental stage, the ...
... A family of small homodimeric proteins termed neurotrophins plays a key role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Some of the most extensive information on the function of these proteins has come from work on sensory neurons and their progenitors. At an early developmental stage, the ...
Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
... The nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) receives dense terminations from cranial visceral afferents, including those from the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Although the NTS integrates peripheral satiety signals and relays this signal to central feeding centers, little is known about which NTS neurons a ...
The amygdala: securing pleasure and avoiding pain
... behavior. The ventral striatum has been hypothesized to represent potential actions within the behavioral repertoire (Liljeholm and O’Doherty, 2012), from which actions can be selected for specific motivated behaviors (for example, food-seeking or mateseeking behaviors). The amygdala allows pavlovia ...
... behavior. The ventral striatum has been hypothesized to represent potential actions within the behavioral repertoire (Liljeholm and O’Doherty, 2012), from which actions can be selected for specific motivated behaviors (for example, food-seeking or mateseeking behaviors). The amygdala allows pavlovia ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... to steer behavior. In order to 'direct' actions toward specific outcomes, Hull included 'specific drives', which are guided by stimulus-response habits that are learned through reinforcement, or sHR. In his equation, the reaction potential of an animal critically depends ...
... to steer behavior. In order to 'direct' actions toward specific outcomes, Hull included 'specific drives', which are guided by stimulus-response habits that are learned through reinforcement, or sHR. In his equation, the reaction potential of an animal critically depends ...
Hikosaka O - lsr
... the epithalamus. The MHb receives inputs mainly from the limbic system and sends outputs to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), which projects to the raphe nuclei. The LHb receives inputs mainly from the basal ganglia and sends outputs to the brain structures that contain dopaminergic neurons and ser ...
... the epithalamus. The MHb receives inputs mainly from the limbic system and sends outputs to the interpeduncular nucleus (IPN), which projects to the raphe nuclei. The LHb receives inputs mainly from the basal ganglia and sends outputs to the brain structures that contain dopaminergic neurons and ser ...
Chapter 16 - MBFys Home Page
... hemicord. This arrangement ensures that groups of axial muscles on both sides of the body act in concert to maintain and adjust posture. In contrast, local circuit neurons in the lateral region of the intermediate zone have shorter axons that typically extend fewer than five segments and are predomi ...
... hemicord. This arrangement ensures that groups of axial muscles on both sides of the body act in concert to maintain and adjust posture. In contrast, local circuit neurons in the lateral region of the intermediate zone have shorter axons that typically extend fewer than five segments and are predomi ...
Ear manipulations help model neuroplasticity limitations
... more conserved for the vertebrate ear (Fritzsch, 1999, Köppl, 2011). As sensory organs, such as the ear, diversified over time to change from a vestibular to a mixed vestibular/auditory system, new connections evolved to process that information distinctly. This process of forming contacts between t ...
... more conserved for the vertebrate ear (Fritzsch, 1999, Köppl, 2011). As sensory organs, such as the ear, diversified over time to change from a vestibular to a mixed vestibular/auditory system, new connections evolved to process that information distinctly. This process of forming contacts between t ...
Corina Wirth and Hans
... traces recorded under control conditions, the short-latency peak almost completely disappeared, suggesting that it represents a “fiber volley” or axon terminal potentials (Swadlow and Gusev 2000) evoked by direct stimulation of the axons. We call these reduced traces synaptic LFPs (sLFPs). The sLFPs ...
... traces recorded under control conditions, the short-latency peak almost completely disappeared, suggesting that it represents a “fiber volley” or axon terminal potentials (Swadlow and Gusev 2000) evoked by direct stimulation of the axons. We call these reduced traces synaptic LFPs (sLFPs). The sLFPs ...
Neural Networks
... are scattered among large parts of the manuscript, providing information on how to implement their context in Snipe. This also implies that those who do not want to use Snipe, just have to skip the shaded Snipe-paragraphs! The Snipe-paragraphs assume the reader has had a close look at the "Getting s ...
... are scattered among large parts of the manuscript, providing information on how to implement their context in Snipe. This also implies that those who do not want to use Snipe, just have to skip the shaded Snipe-paragraphs! The Snipe-paragraphs assume the reader has had a close look at the "Getting s ...
The Differential Role of Motor Cortex in Stretch Reflex Modulation
... The motor cortex assumes an increasingly important role in higher mammals relative to that in lower mammals. This is true to such an extent that the human motor cortex is deeply involved in reflex regulation and it is common to speak of “transcortical reflex loops.” Such loops appear to add flexibil ...
... The motor cortex assumes an increasingly important role in higher mammals relative to that in lower mammals. This is true to such an extent that the human motor cortex is deeply involved in reflex regulation and it is common to speak of “transcortical reflex loops.” Such loops appear to add flexibil ...
Week 3 – Day 1
... The swordfish has a heat-generating organ that warms its brain and eyes up to 14°C above the surrounding water temperature. What structures are likely to be found in relatively high concentrations in the cells of this organ? A) Chromosomes B) Mitochondria C) Nuclei D) Ribosomes ...
... The swordfish has a heat-generating organ that warms its brain and eyes up to 14°C above the surrounding water temperature. What structures are likely to be found in relatively high concentrations in the cells of this organ? A) Chromosomes B) Mitochondria C) Nuclei D) Ribosomes ...
View/Open - Minerva Access
... owl. We demonstrate a similar selective potentiation for the recurrent connections in a network with axonal delays corresponding to the period of incoming oscillatory activity with frequencies in the range of 100-300Hz. For lower frequency oscillations, such as gamma (60Hz), we show that multiple, r ...
... owl. We demonstrate a similar selective potentiation for the recurrent connections in a network with axonal delays corresponding to the period of incoming oscillatory activity with frequencies in the range of 100-300Hz. For lower frequency oscillations, such as gamma (60Hz), we show that multiple, r ...
Development of the rat thalamus: VI. The posterior lobule of the
... originate on day E15. The late-generated LGD neurons are located in the termination field of the uncrossed fibers of the optic tract. Examination of shortsurvival radiograms indicated that the neurons of the LGD originate in a discrete neuroepithelial eversion situated ventral to the pineal rudiment ...
... originate on day E15. The late-generated LGD neurons are located in the termination field of the uncrossed fibers of the optic tract. Examination of shortsurvival radiograms indicated that the neurons of the LGD originate in a discrete neuroepithelial eversion situated ventral to the pineal rudiment ...
Saccades and multisaccadic gaze shifts are gated by different
... to the tentorium. The chamber provided access to the caudal brain stem in the vicinity of the abducens nuclei. It was hermetically closed between recording sessions, and the surface of the cerebellum was protected by local antibiotics. A systemic antibiotic with protracted action (Extencillin, 600,0 ...
... to the tentorium. The chamber provided access to the caudal brain stem in the vicinity of the abducens nuclei. It was hermetically closed between recording sessions, and the surface of the cerebellum was protected by local antibiotics. A systemic antibiotic with protracted action (Extencillin, 600,0 ...
Circadian and histaminergic regulation of the sleep
... histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout infusion period, but the δ-wave activity during non-rapid eye movement slow-wave sleep remained similar to those of the control. We conclude from our data that the circadian process may ...
... histamine into the basal forebrain region caused a significant increase in the high θ- and γrange power throughout infusion period, but the δ-wave activity during non-rapid eye movement slow-wave sleep remained similar to those of the control. We conclude from our data that the circadian process may ...
- University of Alberta
... that can lead to severe obesity. The abnormal motivation to eat in PWS suggests a disruption in the hedonic feeding pathway, which is feeding based on reward as opposed to physiological need. Hedonic feeding is controlled by dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and other regions ...
... that can lead to severe obesity. The abnormal motivation to eat in PWS suggests a disruption in the hedonic feeding pathway, which is feeding based on reward as opposed to physiological need. Hedonic feeding is controlled by dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and other regions ...
Lesion of the perforant path triggers a biphasic neurogenic response
... m orphology, and their processes extend beyond their original bord ers (Sofroniew and Vinters, 2010). The resulting d ense netw ork of new ly proliferated astrocytes can recruit other cell types, includ ing fibrom eningeal cells and m icroglia, resulting in the form ation of a perm anent and im pene ...
... m orphology, and their processes extend beyond their original bord ers (Sofroniew and Vinters, 2010). The resulting d ense netw ork of new ly proliferated astrocytes can recruit other cell types, includ ing fibrom eningeal cells and m icroglia, resulting in the form ation of a perm anent and im pene ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.