The Optic Tectum in Fishes
... Microelectrodes may also pick up action potentials indicative of individual neurons in tectum. If such units are visually responsive, their receptive fields generally differ from the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. ...
... Microelectrodes may also pick up action potentials indicative of individual neurons in tectum. If such units are visually responsive, their receptive fields generally differ from the relatively small, retinotopically ordered MURFs of superficial tectum, instead taking a bewildering variety of forms. ...
HYPOTHALAMUS
... prominent mammillary nuclei. The posterior nucleus is a large, ill-defined group of cells that may play a role in thermoregulation (see below). The mammillary nuclei are considered to be part of the hypothalamus on anatomical grounds, but, unlike the other hypothalamic nuclei, they do not appear to ...
... prominent mammillary nuclei. The posterior nucleus is a large, ill-defined group of cells that may play a role in thermoregulation (see below). The mammillary nuclei are considered to be part of the hypothalamus on anatomical grounds, but, unlike the other hypothalamic nuclei, they do not appear to ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
... Neurons that utilize the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) appear to play an important role in generating many of the receptive field properties that distinguish neurons in the striate cortex from those in the lateral geniculate nucleus. When the inhibitory effects of GABA are blocked by t ...
Organization of the Olfactory and Respiratory Skeleton in the Nose
... This study is based on a growth series of Monodelphis domestica specimens of precisely documented ages commissioned from the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, TX (e.g., VandeBerg, 1990) for the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory of the Texas Memorial Museum (TMM). The coll ...
... This study is based on a growth series of Monodelphis domestica specimens of precisely documented ages commissioned from the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research in San Antonio, TX (e.g., VandeBerg, 1990) for the Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory of the Texas Memorial Museum (TMM). The coll ...
Planarian shows decision-making behavior in response to multiple
... As an animal survives under exposure to many kinds of stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are ex ...
... As an animal survives under exposure to many kinds of stimuli, its nervous system detects sensory cues and converts this information into adaptive movement. For behaviors in response to a simple stimulus, sensory neurons sometimes communicate directly with motor neurons; however, when animals are ex ...
COURSE GOALS : BSC 2086
... 1. Describe the overall function of the digestive system,and differentiate between organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs. 2. List and define briefly the major processes occurring during digestive system activity. 3. Describe the location and function of the peritoneum and the ...
... 1. Describe the overall function of the digestive system,and differentiate between organs of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs. 2. List and define briefly the major processes occurring during digestive system activity. 3. Describe the location and function of the peritoneum and the ...
Autonomous and nonautonomous functions for Hox/Pbx in
... projection from r2 appears reduced or missing entirely, and axons from cells located in r2 and r3 project unfasiculated to the lateral edge of the hindbrain where they terminate. These axon defects are often accompanied by a thickening of the motor nerve exiting r4 (Fig. 1F). lzr/pbx4⫺/⫺ embryos dis ...
... projection from r2 appears reduced or missing entirely, and axons from cells located in r2 and r3 project unfasiculated to the lateral edge of the hindbrain where they terminate. These axon defects are often accompanied by a thickening of the motor nerve exiting r4 (Fig. 1F). lzr/pbx4⫺/⫺ embryos dis ...
neural projections from nucleus accumbens to globus pallidus
... The anatomical organization and electrophysiological characteristics of a projection from the nucleus accumbens to anteroventral parts of the globus pallidus and to a subpallidal region that includes the substantia innominata (SI), the lateral preoptic area (LPO), and anterior parts of the lateral h ...
... The anatomical organization and electrophysiological characteristics of a projection from the nucleus accumbens to anteroventral parts of the globus pallidus and to a subpallidal region that includes the substantia innominata (SI), the lateral preoptic area (LPO), and anterior parts of the lateral h ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... PDF c ycling. To determine whether the amount of PDF in the central brain terminals varies during the LD cycle, flies of the lines elav-gal4; UAS-pdf, Mz1525-gal4;UAS-pdf, and pdf-gal4;UAS-pdf were dissected at two different time points. PDH immunoreactivity was found to be strongest 1–3 hr after li ...
... PDF c ycling. To determine whether the amount of PDF in the central brain terminals varies during the LD cycle, flies of the lines elav-gal4; UAS-pdf, Mz1525-gal4;UAS-pdf, and pdf-gal4;UAS-pdf were dissected at two different time points. PDH immunoreactivity was found to be strongest 1–3 hr after li ...
intraoperative motor evoked potential monitoring
... and C4−Cz TES with bilateral muscle recording effectively assesses decussation because it evokes predominantly or exclusively unilateral MEPs [51]. I have found or confirmed non-decussation in about 3% of scoliosis surgeries at my hospital in Saudi Arabia through post-induction screening with this t ...
... and C4−Cz TES with bilateral muscle recording effectively assesses decussation because it evokes predominantly or exclusively unilateral MEPs [51]. I have found or confirmed non-decussation in about 3% of scoliosis surgeries at my hospital in Saudi Arabia through post-induction screening with this t ...
Taste, olfactory, and food reward value processing
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, ...
... Fig. 1. Schematic diagram showing some of the gustatory, olfactory, visual and somatosensory pathways to the orbitofrontal cortex, and some of the outputs of the orbitofrontal cortex, in primates. The secondary taste cortex and the secondary olfactory cortex are within the orbitofrontal cortex. V1, ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Neuroendocrine chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla in rat receive excitatory synaptic input through anterior and posterior divisions of the sympathetic splanchnic nerve. Upon synaptic stimulation, the adrenal medulla releases the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine into the suprarena ...
... Neuroendocrine chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla in rat receive excitatory synaptic input through anterior and posterior divisions of the sympathetic splanchnic nerve. Upon synaptic stimulation, the adrenal medulla releases the catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine into the suprarena ...
Afferent Fiber Remodeling in the Somatosensory Thalamus of Mice
... recruited onto a V2 VPM neuron [infraorbital nerve cut (IONC) model; Takeuchi et al., 2012]. Together with evidence accumulated in in vivo studies, we hypothesized that newly recruited lemniscal fibers originate from different sources, other than the whisker sensory principle trigeminal nucleus (PrV ...
... recruited onto a V2 VPM neuron [infraorbital nerve cut (IONC) model; Takeuchi et al., 2012]. Together with evidence accumulated in in vivo studies, we hypothesized that newly recruited lemniscal fibers originate from different sources, other than the whisker sensory principle trigeminal nucleus (PrV ...
a full bladder is sometimes a boon
... bladder pressure condition opted more often for the LL reward (M = 4.80; SD = 1.91) compared to people in the low bladder pressure condition (M = 4.02; SD = 1.63). In order to test for the expected moderation of BIS, we conducted a regression analysis with a contrast code for the manipulation of bla ...
... bladder pressure condition opted more often for the LL reward (M = 4.80; SD = 1.91) compared to people in the low bladder pressure condition (M = 4.02; SD = 1.63). In order to test for the expected moderation of BIS, we conducted a regression analysis with a contrast code for the manipulation of bla ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
... (Hikosaka and Wurtz, 1983). Stop cue processing initially involves much faster signaling through STN (⬃15 ms latencies), providing glutamatergic inputs to the same SNr neurons; if this occurs early enough, it can oppose action initiation (Schmidt et al., 2013). However, the Stop cue only causes a tr ...
Caudal Topographic Nucleus Isthmi and the Rostra1
... cover a few percent of the area of the cell plate constituting the nucleus and they project topographically to the ipsilateral tectum without local axon branches. The topography was examined explicitly a t the single-cell level by using cases with two injections at widely separated tectal loci. Each ...
... cover a few percent of the area of the cell plate constituting the nucleus and they project topographically to the ipsilateral tectum without local axon branches. The topography was examined explicitly a t the single-cell level by using cases with two injections at widely separated tectal loci. Each ...
Psychopharmacology of conditioned reward
... stimuli and reward processes interact in a highly specific manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interest ...
... stimuli and reward processes interact in a highly specific manner; analyses of this phenomenon may provide valuable insight into the processes that underlie reward-related learning. The effects of dopaminergic agents with different mechanisms of action in this paradigm have revealed several interest ...
Stochastic neural network dynamics: synchronisation and control
... who called it “the rule of dynamic polarisation” [12, 13]. Dendrites are branches that usually extend from one extremity of the soma and are primarily devoted to receiving electrical signals from other neurons and transporting them to the soma. Dendritic trees show extreme diversity in their shape a ...
... who called it “the rule of dynamic polarisation” [12, 13]. Dendrites are branches that usually extend from one extremity of the soma and are primarily devoted to receiving electrical signals from other neurons and transporting them to the soma. Dendritic trees show extreme diversity in their shape a ...
Role of Frontal Eye Fields in Countermanding Saccades: Visual
... in saccade cancellation. Once a cell was isolated, the location and extent of the response field was determined. After fixation of a central spot for a variable interval (500–800 ms), a single target was presented at 1 of 6, 8, or 12 positions varying in direction and eccentricity, and the monkeys w ...
... in saccade cancellation. Once a cell was isolated, the location and extent of the response field was determined. After fixation of a central spot for a variable interval (500–800 ms), a single target was presented at 1 of 6, 8, or 12 positions varying in direction and eccentricity, and the monkeys w ...
Serotonin Modulates Developmental Microglia
... adult stage (8 weeks), we also observed its expression in microglia freshly isolated by FACS from the cortex, hippocampus, brainstem and thalamus (data not shown) in addition to other brain areas, which is consistent with a previous study that examined the cortex, cerebellum and striatum24. Followin ...
... adult stage (8 weeks), we also observed its expression in microglia freshly isolated by FACS from the cortex, hippocampus, brainstem and thalamus (data not shown) in addition to other brain areas, which is consistent with a previous study that examined the cortex, cerebellum and striatum24. Followin ...
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... cells with D2 receptors (Kawaguchi et al. 1990). We take this as evidence that striatal cells with D1-type receptors provide a much weaker projection to GPe than their D2-type counterparts. In their default state, medium spiny neurons are largely silent and do not respond to low levels of input. How ...
... cells with D2 receptors (Kawaguchi et al. 1990). We take this as evidence that striatal cells with D1-type receptors provide a much weaker projection to GPe than their D2-type counterparts. In their default state, medium spiny neurons are largely silent and do not respond to low levels of input. How ...
The kidney maintains a stable internal environment.
... • Renal blood flow ~ 1.2 l/min (~1800 l/day!!!) • 180 litres/day filtered by the kidney – (total body water~42 litres) • Approximately 0.3 to 1.5 million glomeruli ...
... • Renal blood flow ~ 1.2 l/min (~1800 l/day!!!) • 180 litres/day filtered by the kidney – (total body water~42 litres) • Approximately 0.3 to 1.5 million glomeruli ...
Lillienfeld: Chapter 3 lecture PowerPoint
... electrical activity. • When there are no NTs acting on a neuron, it is at the resting potential. • When there is enough of a charge inside the neuron (threshold), an action potential will occur. ...
... electrical activity. • When there are no NTs acting on a neuron, it is at the resting potential. • When there is enough of a charge inside the neuron (threshold), an action potential will occur. ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.