Descending Inhibitory Systems
... nigrostriatal dopamine system may cause not only motor disorders but also chronic pain. Further studies are needed to determine potential dysfunctions of other neurotransmitter systems in pain inhibitory pathways and their possible relationship with chronic pain. (e) Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Contr ...
... nigrostriatal dopamine system may cause not only motor disorders but also chronic pain. Further studies are needed to determine potential dysfunctions of other neurotransmitter systems in pain inhibitory pathways and their possible relationship with chronic pain. (e) Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Contr ...
JAMA SIDS
... because it is found in high densities in regions in which binding was most severely reduced in previous studies, is recognized as a somatodendritic autoreceptor that controls 5-HT neuron firing, and plays important roles in cardiorespiratory control12,27-30 and neural development. 31,32 We analyzed ...
... because it is found in high densities in regions in which binding was most severely reduced in previous studies, is recognized as a somatodendritic autoreceptor that controls 5-HT neuron firing, and plays important roles in cardiorespiratory control12,27-30 and neural development. 31,32 We analyzed ...
Column-Based Model of Electric Field Excitation of Cerebral Cortex
... the treatment coil. For sham TMS, the percent output of the Cadwell HSVS was adjusted until the sound level measured at the external auditory meatus was the same in each ear and the same as that during the TMS condition. Other stimulation conditions were acquired in each session and will be reported ...
... the treatment coil. For sham TMS, the percent output of the Cadwell HSVS was adjusted until the sound level measured at the external auditory meatus was the same in each ear and the same as that during the TMS condition. Other stimulation conditions were acquired in each session and will be reported ...
The Olfactory System - Tim J. van Hartevelt
... life span averaging approximately 30–60 days. They are constantly replaced by mitotic division of the basal stem cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to t ...
... life span averaging approximately 30–60 days. They are constantly replaced by mitotic division of the basal stem cell population in the olfactory epithelium. The olfactory receptors are the only neurons that are inserted in the surface epithelium of the body and are, therefore, directly exposed to t ...
Managing people in sport organisations: A strategic human
... expressed in the GI tract and the pancreas 2. and by somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone) (from preoptic periventricular and paraventricular nuclei); its gene is expressed in GI tract and the pancreas 3. Ghrelin (a peptide from the Arcuate Nuclei) also increase GH secretion via G ...
... expressed in the GI tract and the pancreas 2. and by somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone) (from preoptic periventricular and paraventricular nuclei); its gene is expressed in GI tract and the pancreas 3. Ghrelin (a peptide from the Arcuate Nuclei) also increase GH secretion via G ...
Sample
... 2-27. It is lunchtime and you anticipate a feast. Which component of the nervous system will control digestion of this feast? a) central b) somatic c) autonomic d) peripheral ANS: c, p. 44, F/D, Difficulty=1 2-28. Which physiological response results from activation of the sympathetic nervous system ...
... 2-27. It is lunchtime and you anticipate a feast. Which component of the nervous system will control digestion of this feast? a) central b) somatic c) autonomic d) peripheral ANS: c, p. 44, F/D, Difficulty=1 2-28. Which physiological response results from activation of the sympathetic nervous system ...
Zebrafish Get Connected: Investigating Neurotransmission Targets
... adjacent glial cells. Most glutamate receptors are located on the dendritic spines of the postsynaptic neurons [38]. Glutamate receptors fall into two categories, ionotropic and metabotropic. Ionotropic receptors act by opening a cation channel after binding to the target and are thus part of the li ...
... adjacent glial cells. Most glutamate receptors are located on the dendritic spines of the postsynaptic neurons [38]. Glutamate receptors fall into two categories, ionotropic and metabotropic. Ionotropic receptors act by opening a cation channel after binding to the target and are thus part of the li ...
Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured
... driven toward and accumulate in active axonal growth cones, which are probable regions of high ATP consumption, and to evacuate inactive growth cones (Morris and Hollenbeck, 1993). In addition, autophagic vacuoles exhibit an increased rate of formation and upregulation of net retrograde axonal trans ...
... driven toward and accumulate in active axonal growth cones, which are probable regions of high ATP consumption, and to evacuate inactive growth cones (Morris and Hollenbeck, 1993). In addition, autophagic vacuoles exhibit an increased rate of formation and upregulation of net retrograde axonal trans ...
Plant guard cell anion channel SLAC1 regulates stomatal closure
... Stomatal pores on the leaf epidermis regulate the flow of gases in and out of plants and they are formed of a pair of guard cells surrounding the pore (Figure 1). Most importantly stomata control the exchange of water vapour and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the leaf interior and the atmosphere, thus ...
... Stomatal pores on the leaf epidermis regulate the flow of gases in and out of plants and they are formed of a pair of guard cells surrounding the pore (Figure 1). Most importantly stomata control the exchange of water vapour and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the leaf interior and the atmosphere, thus ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... One of the first examples of associative, or Hebbian, plasticity was described in hippocampal CA1 neurons. When presynaptic input from CA3 axons was paired with postsynaptic depolarization, the amplitude of the EPSPs was enhanced. This enhancement was long-lasting and is referred to as LTP (Kelso et ...
... One of the first examples of associative, or Hebbian, plasticity was described in hippocampal CA1 neurons. When presynaptic input from CA3 axons was paired with postsynaptic depolarization, the amplitude of the EPSPs was enhanced. This enhancement was long-lasting and is referred to as LTP (Kelso et ...
Contact guidance of CNS neurites on grooved quartz: influence of
... Contact guidance of cells by physical contours of the substratum was recognized in the earliest days of tissue culture (Harrison, 1914) yet surprisingly little is known about the cellular events of contact sensing and their transduction into directional growth, especially in neuronal growth cones. T ...
... Contact guidance of cells by physical contours of the substratum was recognized in the earliest days of tissue culture (Harrison, 1914) yet surprisingly little is known about the cellular events of contact sensing and their transduction into directional growth, especially in neuronal growth cones. T ...
Sprecher_2011_larval.. - Institute of Neuroinformatics
... Fig. 1. Elements of the larval optic neuropil (LON). All panels show schematic or confocal images representing frontal section of a first instar larval brain hemisphere; lateral to the left, dorsal up. A: Labeling with anti-Neuroglian (Ngl), showing neuronal cell bodies in cortex (co) and nerve proce ...
... Fig. 1. Elements of the larval optic neuropil (LON). All panels show schematic or confocal images representing frontal section of a first instar larval brain hemisphere; lateral to the left, dorsal up. A: Labeling with anti-Neuroglian (Ngl), showing neuronal cell bodies in cortex (co) and nerve proce ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as in non-neuronal cells. VGLUTs are localized in the dorsal root ganglia, where they are involved in nociception (Oliviera et al. 2003), in the trigeminal ganglion (Li et al. 2003) and in enteric neurons being the primary afferent neurotransmitter that transf ...
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as in non-neuronal cells. VGLUTs are localized in the dorsal root ganglia, where they are involved in nociception (Oliviera et al. 2003), in the trigeminal ganglion (Li et al. 2003) and in enteric neurons being the primary afferent neurotransmitter that transf ...
Program
and
Abstracts
from
the
Fifth
Annual
Canadian
Neuroscience
Meeting
May
29
–
June
1
2011
Quebec
City
Convention
Center
... is proteolytically processed into a diffusible, repulsive guidance cue. Evidence is presented for processing into at least two fragments, the first as a result of pro‐protein convertase activity, and the second from metalloprotease activity. The latter fragment repels sensory neurons in collagen ...
... is proteolytically processed into a diffusible, repulsive guidance cue. Evidence is presented for processing into at least two fragments, the first as a result of pro‐protein convertase activity, and the second from metalloprotease activity. The latter fragment repels sensory neurons in collagen ...
Essential Hypertension: An Approach to Its Etiology and Neurogenic
... link high salt intake and hypertension [30, 33]. In one of the first global studies on sodium intake [32, 34], 24 h urine sodium and urinary sodium/potassium relationship were positively associated with blood pressure as well as the increase in blood pressure with age. Furthermore, populations with ...
... link high salt intake and hypertension [30, 33]. In one of the first global studies on sodium intake [32, 34], 24 h urine sodium and urinary sodium/potassium relationship were positively associated with blood pressure as well as the increase in blood pressure with age. Furthermore, populations with ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
... system is acting to remove Ca2+ , energy is supplied by the electrochemical gradient that ultimately results from the activity of the plasma membrane Na+ /K+ ATPase (Na+ pump). Plasma membrane Ca2+ pump has a higher affinity for Ca2+ (K d = 100 nM) but a very slow turnover, whereas NCX has a much low ...
Functionally Independent Columns of Rat Somatosensory Barrel
... and APV presumably results from the increased membrane resistance attributable to block of glutamate receptors, thus giving larger responses to the extracellular current injection. Removal of divalent cations increases membrane excitability, and such an effect may also account for the surprisingly l ...
... and APV presumably results from the increased membrane resistance attributable to block of glutamate receptors, thus giving larger responses to the extracellular current injection. Removal of divalent cations increases membrane excitability, and such an effect may also account for the surprisingly l ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... anxiogenic stimuli. We will focus here on the function of BST in brain reward circuitry, particularly in terms of its connectivity with the mesolimbic DA system, and the major role it plays in modulating DA neuronal activity. We refer also to an excellent review for studies on the role of BST in the ...
... anxiogenic stimuli. We will focus here on the function of BST in brain reward circuitry, particularly in terms of its connectivity with the mesolimbic DA system, and the major role it plays in modulating DA neuronal activity. We refer also to an excellent review for studies on the role of BST in the ...
Zinc Alters Excitatory Amino Acid Neurotoxicity on Cortical Neurons
... 1985). Releaseof endogenousZn to the extracellular spaceappearsto occur spontaneously(Charton et al., 1985; Perez-Clausell and Danscher, 1986), and has been shown to be increased in a calcium-dependent fashion by either high-potassium or electrical stimulation (Assaf and Chung, 1984; Howell et al., ...
... 1985). Releaseof endogenousZn to the extracellular spaceappearsto occur spontaneously(Charton et al., 1985; Perez-Clausell and Danscher, 1986), and has been shown to be increased in a calcium-dependent fashion by either high-potassium or electrical stimulation (Assaf and Chung, 1984; Howell et al., ...
Genetically identified spinal interneurons integrating tactile afferents
... turn, is used to guide behaviors by adjusting descending motor commands. In parallel to the perception of tactile signals generated at the cortical level, tactile signals are also integrated at the level of the spinal cord. That is, in addition to sending projections that travel rostrally up the dor ...
... turn, is used to guide behaviors by adjusting descending motor commands. In parallel to the perception of tactile signals generated at the cortical level, tactile signals are also integrated at the level of the spinal cord. That is, in addition to sending projections that travel rostrally up the dor ...
The role of repulsive guidance molecules in the
... During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with motile growth cones rely on guidance cues present in their local environment. These cues are detected by specific recepto ...
... During the development of the nervous system, outgrowing axons often have to travel long distances to reach their target neurons. In this process, outgrowing neurites tipped with motile growth cones rely on guidance cues present in their local environment. These cues are detected by specific recepto ...
Soto-Faraco (2003) Multisensory contributions to the perception of
... from left-to-right (or right-to-left) if an auditory or tactile stimulus is presented on the left (or right, respectively) just before the line itself is presented.3 However, these studies of the line-motion illusion, as well as the other studies discussed so far, are only marginally informative wit ...
... from left-to-right (or right-to-left) if an auditory or tactile stimulus is presented on the left (or right, respectively) just before the line itself is presented.3 However, these studies of the line-motion illusion, as well as the other studies discussed so far, are only marginally informative wit ...
glomerular filteration
... • It is the fluid within the Bowman’s capsule that is essentially cell-free and protein-free and contains crystalloids in virtually the same concentrations as in the plasma. ...
... • It is the fluid within the Bowman’s capsule that is essentially cell-free and protein-free and contains crystalloids in virtually the same concentrations as in the plasma. ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
... studies showed that formation of multiple long axons was induced in hippocampal cultures in which GSK-3 activity was inhibited (Jiang et al., 2005; Yoshimura et al., 2005), consistent with the idea that global elimination of GSK-3 activity enhances axon growth. Thus, from the published work to date, ...
Different Orientation Tuning of Near- and Far
... In primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to stimuli inside the receptive field (RF) are usually suppressed by stimuli in the RF surround. This suppression is orientation specific. Similarly, in human vision surround stimuli can suppress perceived contrast of a central stimulus in an orienta ...
... In primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to stimuli inside the receptive field (RF) are usually suppressed by stimuli in the RF surround. This suppression is orientation specific. Similarly, in human vision surround stimuli can suppress perceived contrast of a central stimulus in an orienta ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.