The Mammalian Diving Response: An Enigmatic Reflex to Preserve
... trigeminal ganglion neurons (104, 151, 211, 230). Most of these fibers are sensory in function, and many respond as chemoreceptors to local chemical changes induced by inhalation of noxious gases or inflammatory processes (43, 44, 45, 89, 101). The AEN is considered the “gatekeeper” nerve by us sinc ...
... trigeminal ganglion neurons (104, 151, 211, 230). Most of these fibers are sensory in function, and many respond as chemoreceptors to local chemical changes induced by inhalation of noxious gases or inflammatory processes (43, 44, 45, 89, 101). The AEN is considered the “gatekeeper” nerve by us sinc ...
Pierre Berthet Computational Modeling of the Basal Ganglia – Functional Pathways
... given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This learning is believed to depend on the outcome of the performed actions in the form of reward and punishment. Reinforcement learning theories suggest that an ...
... given the information about the perceived state of the world and how it learns and adapts these selections to changes in this environment. This learning is believed to depend on the outcome of the performed actions in the form of reward and punishment. Reinforcement learning theories suggest that an ...
Midbrain Dopamine Neurons Encode a Quantitative Reward
... a lever press will be followed by 1 ml of juice, the delivery of 1 ml of juice should produce no reward prediction error. Importantly, however, systems of this type do not necessarily account for all of the behavior produced by all animals under all circumstances. If an animal faces an environment i ...
... a lever press will be followed by 1 ml of juice, the delivery of 1 ml of juice should produce no reward prediction error. Importantly, however, systems of this type do not necessarily account for all of the behavior produced by all animals under all circumstances. If an animal faces an environment i ...
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
... 1. Slight stretching of a muscle stimulates sensory receptors in the muscle called muscle spindles ...
... 1. Slight stretching of a muscle stimulates sensory receptors in the muscle called muscle spindles ...
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexus
... 1. Slight stretching of a muscle stimulates sensory receptors in the muscle called muscle spindles ...
... 1. Slight stretching of a muscle stimulates sensory receptors in the muscle called muscle spindles ...
Molecular and functional analysis of Drosophila single
... a role in controlling axonogenesis of mammillary body axons (Marion et al., 2005). The results from mammals indicate that sim can function in axonogenesis, and this is also a potential role for sim in central brain development given the sim disorganized neuropil phenotype. In this paper, we further ...
... a role in controlling axonogenesis of mammillary body axons (Marion et al., 2005). The results from mammals indicate that sim can function in axonogenesis, and this is also a potential role for sim in central brain development given the sim disorganized neuropil phenotype. In this paper, we further ...
Neural representation of olfactory mixtures in the honeybee
... Introduction Most natural sensory stimuli occur in combination with other stimuli. Therefore, the question of whether animals perceive the elements of a stimulus compound (elemental processing, e.g. Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Rescorla, 1972, 1973) or treat a compound as an entity different from its el ...
... Introduction Most natural sensory stimuli occur in combination with other stimuli. Therefore, the question of whether animals perceive the elements of a stimulus compound (elemental processing, e.g. Rescorla & Wagner, 1972; Rescorla, 1972, 1973) or treat a compound as an entity different from its el ...
Specificity in Inhibitory Systems Associated with Prefrontal Pathways to
... excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extensive network of such connections, and may exercise excitatory and inhibitory control by synapsing, respectively, with exc ...
... excitatory neurons also act through pathways that leave the gray matter and travel in the white matter over short or long distances. The prefrontal cortex participates in an extensive network of such connections, and may exercise excitatory and inhibitory control by synapsing, respectively, with exc ...
Spike-based Winner-Take-All Computation in a Multi
... its performance and describing its implementation in a large-scale multi-chip vision system. The winner-take-all is a neuronal network that amplifies the strongest set of inputs and suppresses output from the others. In various neuroscience models, this function is used to make a selection out of a ...
... its performance and describing its implementation in a large-scale multi-chip vision system. The winner-take-all is a neuronal network that amplifies the strongest set of inputs and suppresses output from the others. In various neuroscience models, this function is used to make a selection out of a ...
Tang et al - Pro Aid Autisme
... we performed western blot analysis of phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR), total mTOR (t-mTOR), phospho-S6 (p-S6), total S6 (t-S6), and the autophagosome marker LC3 and p62 (Figures 2A and 2F) in frozen BA21 brain samples from age-, gender-, and PMI- matched ASD patients and controls (demographic data in Table S3 ...
... we performed western blot analysis of phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR), total mTOR (t-mTOR), phospho-S6 (p-S6), total S6 (t-S6), and the autophagosome marker LC3 and p62 (Figures 2A and 2F) in frozen BA21 brain samples from age-, gender-, and PMI- matched ASD patients and controls (demographic data in Table S3 ...
REWARD LEARNING: Reinforcement
... emit a particular habitual motor action when in the presence of a particular stimulus. But it was not immediately apparent why different rewards (food, water, drug, or access to a sex partner, social partner, etc.) all should strengthen habits. What did they have in common? Nor was it clear how an i ...
... emit a particular habitual motor action when in the presence of a particular stimulus. But it was not immediately apparent why different rewards (food, water, drug, or access to a sex partner, social partner, etc.) all should strengthen habits. What did they have in common? Nor was it clear how an i ...
Molecules and circuits involved in nicotine addiction: The many
... The primary reason that people smoke is that the nicotine in tobacco is addictive. Like other drugs of abuse, nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) release from neurons in the mesolimbic system originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminating in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Nicotine can s ...
... The primary reason that people smoke is that the nicotine in tobacco is addictive. Like other drugs of abuse, nicotine stimulates dopamine (DA) release from neurons in the mesolimbic system originating in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and terminating in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Nicotine can s ...
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during
... GP might regulate eye movements through the nigro-collicular descending circuitry and through the basal ganglia--thalamocortical pathways. Keywords: antisaccade, globus pallidus, inactivation, physiology, primate ...
... GP might regulate eye movements through the nigro-collicular descending circuitry and through the basal ganglia--thalamocortical pathways. Keywords: antisaccade, globus pallidus, inactivation, physiology, primate ...
Physiological origins and functional correlates of EEG rhythmic
... cell discharges, propagating the signal along its axon. Other transmitters or circumstances can increase the resting potential, a process called hyperpola~qzation. Since it is harder to reach activation threshold in this condition, the cell is inhibited. Signals from sensory pathways are conveyed to ...
... cell discharges, propagating the signal along its axon. Other transmitters or circumstances can increase the resting potential, a process called hyperpola~qzation. Since it is harder to reach activation threshold in this condition, the cell is inhibited. Signals from sensory pathways are conveyed to ...
Visual Cortex and Control Processes Stimuli in Opposite Visual
... arise between stimuli in opposite visual hemifields, to affect occipital cortex. However, this result may have been a consequence of task demands because subjects were always instructed to report letters on one particular side first in the bilateral blocks, followed by the other side if possible. Du ...
... arise between stimuli in opposite visual hemifields, to affect occipital cortex. However, this result may have been a consequence of task demands because subjects were always instructed to report letters on one particular side first in the bilateral blocks, followed by the other side if possible. Du ...
- Columbia University Medical Center
... of motor pools has long been appreciated (Elliott, 1942; Romanes, 1942), and detailed motor pool maps have been compiled in the developing and adult spinal cord (Romanes, 1964; Landmesser, 1978a, 1978b; Hollyday, 1980). Motor pools have been linked to three main features of motor organization. First ...
... of motor pools has long been appreciated (Elliott, 1942; Romanes, 1942), and detailed motor pool maps have been compiled in the developing and adult spinal cord (Romanes, 1964; Landmesser, 1978a, 1978b; Hollyday, 1980). Motor pools have been linked to three main features of motor organization. First ...
Dopamine: the rewarding years
... dopamine receptor pathways. We now know that receptors do not act in isolation, but exist in a complex that includes regulatory and scaffolding molecules, which in turn could offer novel drug targets, but more importantly may hold the key to understanding how environmental factors produce long-term ...
... dopamine receptor pathways. We now know that receptors do not act in isolation, but exist in a complex that includes regulatory and scaffolding molecules, which in turn could offer novel drug targets, but more importantly may hold the key to understanding how environmental factors produce long-term ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... participating in a probabilistic Pavlovian conditioning task with auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) in ...
... participating in a probabilistic Pavlovian conditioning task with auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs) in ...
SOP #11 Acoustic Startle and Pre
... on startle is a test parameter. Animals should be kept in a housing facility offering conditions appropriate for other sensitive behavioral measures, including constant ambient temperature and a regular circadian lighting pattern. Startle is best measured in the dark phase of a rat’s circadian cycle ...
... on startle is a test parameter. Animals should be kept in a housing facility offering conditions appropriate for other sensitive behavioral measures, including constant ambient temperature and a regular circadian lighting pattern. Startle is best measured in the dark phase of a rat’s circadian cycle ...
Vagal Ischemia Induced Lung Immune Component Infarct Following
... of efferent and afferent vagal reflex pathways that regulate respiration. The GPN, other lower cranial nerves and upper cervical spinal nerves are injured as well. Disruption extends into the cervical spinal canal, aggravating the mortal effects of SAH. These result in alteration in breathing patter ...
... of efferent and afferent vagal reflex pathways that regulate respiration. The GPN, other lower cranial nerves and upper cervical spinal nerves are injured as well. Disruption extends into the cervical spinal canal, aggravating the mortal effects of SAH. These result in alteration in breathing patter ...
Modulation of Behavior by Expected Reward Magnitude Depends
... showed that pDMS dopamine depletion impaired rewarddependent modulation of reaction times, if visual cues predict large versus small reward, but not if visual cues predict reward versus no reward. These observations suggest that dopamine signaling in the pDMS contributes to a process through which r ...
... showed that pDMS dopamine depletion impaired rewarddependent modulation of reaction times, if visual cues predict large versus small reward, but not if visual cues predict reward versus no reward. These observations suggest that dopamine signaling in the pDMS contributes to a process through which r ...
Cardiovascular depressor responses to stimulation of substantia
... dopamine; arterial pressure; central cardiovascular pathways ...
... dopamine; arterial pressure; central cardiovascular pathways ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
... The SOC is the first station where the information from both ears converges (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraoli ...
Relationship of Activity in the Subthalamic Nucleus–Globus Pallidus
... the ketamine-anesthetized group had a significantly faster frequency of oscillation than that recorded in animals under urethane anesthesia (Tables 1, 2). Higher-frequency activity, which was of a smaller amplitude (,200 mV), was commonly superimposed on specific portions of the large slow-waves (Fi ...
... the ketamine-anesthetized group had a significantly faster frequency of oscillation than that recorded in animals under urethane anesthesia (Tables 1, 2). Higher-frequency activity, which was of a smaller amplitude (,200 mV), was commonly superimposed on specific portions of the large slow-waves (Fi ...
synaptic connections made by axons
... reasons and because axotomy near the neuronal somata is a pre-requisite for regeneration into the PN grafts (see below), these experiments have concentrated on the responses of long fibre projections axotomized far away from their fields of innervation. It is hoped, however, that evidence obtained f ...
... reasons and because axotomy near the neuronal somata is a pre-requisite for regeneration into the PN grafts (see below), these experiments have concentrated on the responses of long fibre projections axotomized far away from their fields of innervation. It is hoped, however, that evidence obtained f ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.