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Download Lecture 1 Intro, Nervous System
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Welcome to the APPL601, Biological Bases of Behavior! Your Host for the Semester • Jim McConkey – MS/PMAC Biomedical Engineering from Johns Hopkins • Specialties in neuroscience, medical imaging and computer-guided surgery – [email protected] Tonight • • • • Details about the course What are we studying? Organization of the nervous system Anatomy of the nervous system Development of Psychology • Ideopathic model – Spirits, demons, etc. cause pathologies. • Mental model – Cognitive defects or faulty thinking cause psychopathologies. • Medical (biological) model – Psychopathologies are biologically driven. – They can be treated with drugs. • Integrated model – The real world is somewhere in between. Biological Bases of Behavior aka Biopsychology aka Physiological Psychology • The study of behavior and other psychological phenomena in terms of the development, functioning, and pathologies of the nervous system. Biological Psychology • How are behaviors controlled by the brain? • What parts of the brain control which behaviors? • How much control do humans have? • How do psychoactive drugs work? Neuroscience Neuroanatomy (structure) Neurophysiology (function) Biopsychology (behaviors) Neuropathology (disease) Neuropharmacology (drugs) Neurochemistry Methods of Biopsychology • • • • • • • Historical techniques: dissection, staining Surgical methods Electrical stimulation and measurement Pharmacological methods Genetic engineering Neuropsychological tests Non-invasive imaging techniques Introduction to the Nervous System Introduction to the Nervous System • Nervous System – A system of nerves. • Cells specialized for the translation and processing of information. • Produce electrical and chemical activity. • Connects and coordinates all parts of the body. – A collection of specialized subsystems. Divisions of the Nervous System • Central Nervous System – Brain – Spinal Cord • Peripheral Nervous System – Everything else Divisions of the Peripheral NS • Somatic – Receives sensory input from periphery – Conscious control of peripheral muscles • Autonomic – Receives unconscious sensory input from organs – Unconscious control of movement and organs Divisions of the Autonomic NS • Parasympathetic – Mostly inhibitory – Controls “housekeeping” functions • Sympathetic – Mostly excitatory – Controls “fight or flight” responses Anatomy of the PNS • Autonomic nerves – Parasympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord at the cervical and sacral levels. – Sympathetic nerves leave the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. • Somatic nerves – Enter and leave the spinal cord at every vertebra. – Sensory nerves have bodies in the dorsal root ganglia and ascend in the dorsal horns. – Motor nerves descend in the ventral horns. Recap of NS Organization Nervous System Central NS Peripheral NS Somatic NS Autonomic NS Parasympathetic Sympathetic Organization of Nerves • Nerves are organized in a tree-like fashion – Solitary neurons in the outermost periphery, protected by an endoneurium. – Solitary neurons gather in small bundles called fascicles, bound by a perineurium. – Fascicles gather with blood vessels in larger bundles, bound by an epineurium. Organization of Nerves • Endoneurium wraps each neuron w/myelin. • Perineurium wraps several neurons into a fascicle. • Epineurium wraps a bundle of fascicles plus blood vessels. Organization of Nerves • Collections of neurons, grouped by function – CNS: tracts – PNS: nerves • Neuron cell bodies tend to clump together: – CNS: nuclei (nucleus) – PNS: ganglia (ganglion) Protection of the CNS • The CNS is very important and very sensitive and is therefore well protected by: – – – – – Thick bones 3 layers of meninges Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Blood-Brain Barrier Circle of Willis – redundant blood supply Protection of the CNS • Skull – Thick, hard bone – Over 1 cm thick in places – Totally surrounds and protects the brain Protection of the CNS • Meninges – Thick, fibrous layers • Dura mater – Periosteal – Meningeal • Arachnoid mater • Pia mater Protection of the CNS • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) – Mostly water – Shock absorber – Produced in choroid plexus Protection of the CNS • Blood-Brain Barrier – Tight junctions • pass O2, CO2, OH – Carrier-mediated transport of • glucose, AAs, ions – Blocks • large molecules • many drugs and toxins Organization of the CNS • The lower the brain level, the more primitive the more instinctive, and the less brain control. • Pure reflexes occur in the spinal cord with no intervention from the brain. • The older/lower parts of the brain have 2 layers of neurons. The newer parts of the brain (neocortex) have 6 layers. Organization of the CNS • Myelencephalon – Medulla oblongata (or just medulla) • Contains nuclei which are part of the reticular formation and control: – – – – – Arousal and attention Heart rate Respiration rate Cardiovascular smooth muscle tone Skeletal muscle tone Organization of the CNS • Metencephalon – Pons (=“bridge”) • Part of reticular formation responsible for sleep and arousal • Relay nuclei between cortex and cerebellum – Cerebellum • Primarily responsible for coordinated movements • Receives all sensory input except olfactory • Connected to pons via cerebellar peduncles Organization of the CNS • Mesencephalon – Tectum (=“roof”) • Inferior (auditory) and Superior (visual) colliculi • Responsible for audiovisual reactions – Tegmentum (=“covering”) • Contains nuclei of the reticular formation • Controls eye movements • Red Nucleus – sends motor info from cortex and cerebelum to spinal cord • Substantia Nigra – communicates with caudate and basal ganglia Organization of the CNS • Diencephalon (“2 brains”) – Surrounds the 3rd ventricle – Thalamus • Two lobes • Major sensory transfer station • Many sensory nuclei – Hypothalamus (=“beneath thalamus”) • Autonomic control center, four F’s • Hormonal control, direct and thru pituitary Organization of the CNS • Telencephalon – Cerebral cortex • Two cerebral hemispheres • Lateral ventricles (two) • Corpus callosum/ anterior commisure • Limbic cortex – Involved in motivation and emotion • Basal ganglia – Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen – Involved in planned movement Organization of the CNS • Cerebral hemispheres – Lateralization, specialization per side – Left • Verbal abilities • Analysis and serial behaviors – Right • Spatial abilities • Synthesis • Music, arts, emotions Anatomical Directions Superior (top) Dorsal = back Ventral = front Posterior Anterior Caudal = tail (rear) (front) Rostral = head Lateral = side Medial = center Inferior (bottom) Anatomical Terminology • Brain topography terminology – A gyrus (gyri) is a bump – A sulcus (sulci) is a shallow groove – A fissure (fissures) is a deep groove Gyrus Sulcus Fissure Gyrus Sulcus Anatomy of the Cortex • Major anatomical landmarks – Longitudinal Fissure separates hemispheres – Central Sulcus – Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure – Parieto-Occipital Sulcus (internal) Anatomy of the Cortex • Major lobes of the cortex • Demarcated by fissures and sulci – Frontal lobe - anterior to central sulcus • Thinking, planning, executive function – Parietal lobe - posterior to the central sulcus • Association area – Temporal lobe - inferior to the lateral fissure • Auditory function – Occipital lobe - posterior of cortex • Vision Anatomy of the Cortex Anatomy of the Cortex White Matter – has myelin sheath. Gray Matter – no myelin. Cell bodies are here. Cranial Nerves - 12 pairs Spinal Pathways • Spinal cord has two gray matter horns which contain cell bodies. The two sides are connected by the gray commissure, and are surrounded by white matter, which carries tracts. • Dorsal horns receive sensory afferents. – Afferent somas external in dorsal root ganglia • Ventral horns carries somatic motor efferents. – Efferent somas in ventral horns Sensory Pathway R