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Study guide Evolution 1. What term explains how populations change over time? Biological evolution 2. What is the term for a change in behavior or physical trait that helps an organism survive in its environment? adaptation 3. A group of organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring is called species 4. What do you call a group of individuals of the same species? Population 5. Organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive. This is called natural selection 6. He is the father of evolution and came up with the theory of natural selection Darwin 7. Charles Darwin did not understand the role genetics played in evolution when he was developing his theory. 8. Darwin’s theory of natural selection had four elements. They are overproduction, inherited variation, struggle to survive, and reproduction. 9. Fossils are trace remains of an organism that lived long ago, most commonly preserved in sedimentary rock. 10. What are two things scientists can look at when comparing species to see if they share a common ancestor? Similar DNA and similar traits 11. A trait can be passed from parent to offspring through genes. 12. Organisms who reproduce sexually have offspring that are not identical. The difference in the offspring’s traits is called inherited variation. 13. A mutation in the DNA can be a source of new traits in an organism. Examples of this are an insertion, deletion, and substitution. 14. Speciation is the formation of new species as a result of evolution. What are the three steps in this process? Separation, adaptation, and division 15. A historical sequence of life indicated by fossils found in the layers of the Earth’s crust fossil record. 16. Generation time is the period between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation. Insects have a very short one. 17. How something lives, eats, and survives in its ecosystem is called niche. 18. Variation is the difference in structure or characteristics from others of the same species or group. This happens as a result of differences in the genes. 19. What trait of the finches did Darwin study? beaks What did he conclude was the reason for the differences in this trait? Differences in their diet caused them to evolve differently over generations. 20. Darwin’s theory of natural selection was influenced by Mathus’ study on population. What did this study state about the relationship between food and population growth? The food supply cannot support unlimited population growth. 21. In every population and species there are 4 limiting factors. They are (1) starvation, (2) disease, (3) competition, and (4) predation. 22. Scientists are observing the genetic makeup of two organisms by looking at their DNA. The DNA is very similar. What might they conclude about these organisms? They share a common ancestor. 23. The process consisting of separation, adaptation, and division is called speciation. 24. Adaptation is when animals change behavior or physical appearance in response to the changes in the environment. 25. Gradualism is the process in which populations slowly change over time. 26. Speciation is when a portion of a population becomes physically or geographically separated. 27. A characteristic that improves an organism’s ability to survive is adaptation 28. What does speciation create? A new species 29. A change occurring gradually over a long period of time is called evolution. 30. Explain what factors are necessary for natural selection to occur in a species. Genetic variation within a population 31. Describe Darwin’s theory of “survival of the fittest.” Must survive and reproduce 32. Relative dating is the process comparing the ages of different fossils by the rock layer in which they were found. 33. Mutations is a source of new traits in an organism.