Download Name ______ Pd ___ Biology Evolution Review – SMITH 2016 KEY

Name ________________________Date _________ Pd ___
Biology Evolution Review – SMITH 2016 KEY
DIRECTIONS: Use your notes, assignments and labs to complete the following. Study all work and notes.
Vocabulary – Fill in the Blank.
1. The model stating that living things arose from chemical reactions involving nonliving matter during the first billion
years of the Earth’s history was the Primordial Soup Model.
2. Energy used in the formation of the first organic molecules is thought to have come from the sun.
3. Cyanobacteria changed the Earth’s atmosphere as they carried out the process of photosynthesis.
4. Homologous structures are structures that are similar in different species and show a evolutionary relationship of a
common ancestor.
5. Transitional fossils or intermediate fossils provide evidence of common ancestry.
6. Structures that have reduced in size because they no longer serve an important function are called vestigial.
structures.
7. Darwin conducted much of his research on the Galapagos Islands.
8. According to Darwin, evolution occurs due to natural selection.
9. Evolution states that species change over time.
10. The archaeopteryx is known as an intermediate species that links dinosaurs to modern day birds.
Vocabulary - Define
11. Gene flow - movement of genes into a populations; adds new traits and therefore increases genetic variety
12. Genetic variation – variety of genes in a population
13. Adaptation – trait that enables an organism to survive or reproduce better
14. Mimicry – one species looks like another; provides protection and allows the organism a better chance to survive
15. Stabilizing selection – removes organisms with extremes; leave the “middle” trait
16. Directional selection – population shifts to the beneficial trait, favors the extreme trait that is higher fitness
17. Disruptive selection – removes individuals with the average form of the trait; creates two populations
18. Allopatric speciation – most common form of speciation, a physical barrier divides one population into two or more
populations (squirrels in Grand Canyon)
19. Sympatric speciation – new species forms without a barrier, ancestor species and new species live in the same
habitat (most common with plants)
20. Species –
***Speciation – process by which some members of a sexually reproducing population change so much that they can no
longer produce fertile offspring that can mate with the original population
21. competition – two or more organisms or populations “fight” for the same resources
22. convergent evolution – similar environments can cause similar (but unrelated) organisms to evolve by natural
selection
23. fitness – way to measure the effectiveness of traits, measured by count of offspring born without the trait
24. coevolution – two species live together in a close relationship (symbiosis) and evolve together
Open Responses
25. List the ways scientists show organisms are related. Which method is the most accurate?
Anatomy – homologous structures
Morphology – embryonic development
Molecular structure (BEST METHOD) – DNA, RNA, ATP, proteins, amino acids
26. What can be determined from a similar embryonic development of 2 different organisms?
Common ancestry if the morphology is similar
27. Why was a layer of ozone needed in the atmosphere? How does the ozone support life?
Protect life from UV radiation from the Sun, act as a filter from the sun
28. When Darwin published his theory of evolution, he included many ideas. List his principles.
Principle 1 – individuals in a population show differences
Principle 2 – Variations are inherited
Principle 3 – Animals have more young than can survive
Principle 4 – Some variations (or traits) increase an organism’s reproductive success; traits are inherited by offspring
which makes the best trait more common
29. If the same unique blood protein is present in different species, what does this suggest?
Common ancestry, an evolutionary relationship
30. What is natural selection?
Darwin’s theory of how evolution could occur, explains how traits of a population can change over time
31. What is endosymbiosis or the endosymbiont theory?
Theory that ancestors of eukaryotic cells lived together in association with prokaryotic cells, some prokaryotes may have
lived inside early eukaryotes as undigested prey or parasites, the organisms then became assimilated into the eukaryotic
cell and used for cellular functions EVIDENCE: mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA that is circular like
the DNA in a prokaryote
32. If an organism is well suited for its environment, what will happen to the organism and its population?
The population will increase with the traits that made it possible to survive and reproduce
The traits that make survival possible will be passed on to the next generation
33. Explain Darwin’s study of finches and their beaks. What did he learn and suggest from his research?
The finches were different species all with slightly different beaks; the beaks had shaped that matched the available
food sources on each island
Darwin believed that all of the different species evolved from one species of finch from Ecuador
34. What are some causes of genetic variation?
Sexual reproduction, random mating and random combination of genes (alleles)
Mutations
Gene flow
35. What is biochemical analysis? What is it used for?
Bio=life
It is the analysis of the chemical makeup of an organism
Scientists use it to determine relationships among organisms; it is used to predict evolutionary relationships and
common ancestry
36. What does competition for resources do to populations?
It can decrease a population size, it can cause organisms that are better suited for survival to pass on their traits that are
better for survival
37. If you do not know the answer to an evolution question, the best guess is what?
Common ancestor
Pictures
38. Homologous structures. What does this suggest? Common ancestor
39. What is the difference between analogous structures and homologous structures?
Analogous – structures are used for the same function but are not made up of the same material; DO NOT show
common ancestor
homologous – similar structures, similar construction but are not necessarily used for the same function or purpose;
shows common ancestor
40. Vestigial pictures
What do the unused structures, like the hip bones (pelvis) in whales
suggest?
For whales; it suggests that whales had hind legs at one time and because the whales didn’t use them the hind legs
became smaller over time, eventually a population was born without them
Vestigial structures in general are structures that have become reduced in size due to lack of use; the organism no
longer use it; eventually this trait (of a smaller structure) is passed on to the offspring