* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Reading 2 - Background to Psychobiology
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Cortical cooling wikipedia , lookup
Embodied language processing wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Sensory substitution wikipedia , lookup
Affective neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neuroscience in space wikipedia , lookup
Neuroregeneration wikipedia , lookup
Metastability in the brain wikipedia , lookup
Brain Rules wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Eyeblink conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Executive functions wikipedia , lookup
Neuroesthetics wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Stimulus (physiology) wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Emotional lateralization wikipedia , lookup
Environmental enrichment wikipedia , lookup
Neuroplasticity wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Human brain wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Limbic system wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Aging brain wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive neuroscience of music wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Neural correlates of consciousness wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
3 Reading2-BackgroundtoPsychobiology NeuroanatomicalDirections–Thethreemainaxis - Anterior-Posterior(Rostral–Caudal) o NosetoTail - Dorsal–Ventral o Back(sharkfin)tostomach - Medial–Lateral o Middletothesides OrganizationoftheNervousSystem PeripheralNervousSystem - Consistofthecranialnerves, thespinalnerves,the peripheralganglia CentralNervousSystem - ConsistoftheBrainandthe Spinalcord AutonomicNervousSystem - Relayssensoryinformation fromtheinternalorgansto theCNS - RelaysmotorinformationfromtheCNSbacktotheinternalorgans SympatheticNervousSystem - ConductssensoryinformationfromtheperipherybackintotheCNS - ConductmotorinformationfromtheCNStotheskeletalmuscles Organizationof Brain the 3 4 TheForebrain 1.Telencephalon CerebralCortex - CorpusCallosum–Principalcommissureconnectingtheleftandrighthemispheretogether - Gyrus(plural)–Thebumpscreatedbytwosulci - Sulcus(plural)–Thespacebetweenthefoldsofthecerebralcortex - Fissure–Aspacethatisnotcreatedbyafoldofthebrain - Thewhitemattermostlyconsistofaxons o Youcanthinkofthebrainasmanyserversthatareinterconnected(subcorticalandcerebral cortex/differentareas) o CalledwhitematterbecausethoseaxonsarecoveredwithMyelin - TheLateralFissure–Separatesthetemporallobe - CentralSulcus–Separatesthefrontalandparietallobe - Longitudinalfissure–Theoneyouseebylookingatthebrainfromthetop TheLobes - Cytoarchitectonicmap–Mapofthecellulararchitectureofthedifferentregionsofthebrain - BroadmannMap–Contains52differentregionsbasedoncellulararchitecture FrontalLobes - Extendfromthecentralsulcustotheanteriorportionofthebrain - ContainsPrimarymotorcortex(area4),premotorcortex(area6),Broca’sarea(area44)andthe prefrontalcortex. - Receivesinformationfrom: 1. Thalamicnuclei 2. Hypothalamus 3. Limbicsystem 4. Otherlobes - Functions 1. Workingmemory 2. Higherordercognitivebehaviors–Planning,organization,monitoringofrecentandprobable eventsandtheemotionalvalueofsuchactions TemporalLobes - Allthetissueunderthelateral(Sylvian)fissure - Containsthe: 1. Superiortemporalgyrus 2. Middletemporalgyrus 3. Inferiortemporalgyrus - Richlyconnectedwithotherlobesandseemsthavetwokeyfunctions 1. Area22and41and42seemstobeconcernedwithauditoryandvisualperception 2. Hippocampusiscriticalforthecreationofnewmemory 4 ParietalLobes - Liebetweentheoccipitallobeandthecentralsulcus - Contains: 1. Postcentralgyrus(area1-3)(akasomatosensorycortex) - Functions: 1. Mentalrepresentation 2. Integrationofsensoryinformation OccipitalLobe - Locatedatthecaudalendofthecortex - Contains: 1. Primaryvisualcortex(area17)(akastriatecortexorV1) - Functions: 1. Vision TheLimbicSystem - Amygdala–Social/emotionalbehaviors - Hippocampus–Memory - CingulateCortex–Experienceandexpressionofemotions - Fornix–Connectshippocampusandmammillarybodies - Mamillarybodies - Septum TheBasalganglia - IncludesthecaudateNucleusandthePutamen 2.Diencephalon - Thalamusandhypothalamus 1. Sensoryrelays TheMidbrain Mesencephalon 1. Tectum–Superiorandinferiorcolliculi(auditoryandvisualrespectively) 2. Tegmentum–Containspartofreticularformationandisresponsibleinsensoryprocessing, attention,arousal,sleep,muscletone,movementandreflexes TheHindbrain Metencephalon - Cerebellum–Makesourmovementsmoothbyreceivingsensoryandmotorinformation - Pons–SleepandArousal Myencephalon - MedullaOblongata–Containsnucleicontrollingbreathingandmuscletone 5 5 CellsintheNervousSystem GliaCells - Themostprominent(10:1comparedtootherneurons) 1. Olygodendrocytes 2. SchwannCells 3. Astrocytes 4. Microglia Neurons - Soma - PlasmaMembrane - Dendrites - Axons - Synapses NeuronsCommunicationsanditsMainNeurotransmitters - NTsfollowingaresynthesizedwithinneurons Acethylcholine - Consistofcholineandacetate - Foundinregionsservinglearningandmemory - TherearetwokindsofAChreceptrors: 1. Nicotinicreceptors–IonotropicandfoundinmusclefibersaswellastheCNS 2. Muscarinicreceptors–MetabotropicandfoundintheCNS TheMonoamines–Thecatecholamine Dopamine - Derivedfromtyrosine - Involvedinmovement,rewards,planning,learningandmemory Adrenaline/noradrenaline - Producedbytheadrenalglandswhicharejustabovethekidney 1. createdwithindopaminecontainingsynapticvesicles 2. Involvedinaltertness,vigilance,wakefulness Monoamines–TheIndoleamines Serotonin - Derivedfromtryptophan - Regulationofmood,eating,pain,sleepanddreaming AminoAcids - CanalsoactasNT 6 6 Glutamate - Highlyresponsibleforenergymetabolism - Cruciallyinvolvedinsynapticchangesunderlyinglearningandmemory(I.e.NMDA) GABA - Inhibitrysubstance Peptides - NeuronsintheCNSalsoreleasepeptides,whichcanactasopiatesforinstance 7 7