Download Learning? What`s that?

Learning? What’s that?
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A ‘relatively’ permanent change in behavior
brought about by experience or practice.
Note that learning is NOT the same as
maturation (like walking or toilet training).
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Learning
Latent Learning
Observational Learning
Classical Conditioning? Pavlov’s
name ring a bell?
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Learning by association, we perform a reflex
or involuntary behavior to a new stimulus.
We need a UCS and UCR, and then we add
a CS and eventually we get a CR. Huh?
Some essential criteria
CS must precede UCS in acquisition phase
CS and UCS pairing is time sensitive
1 or 2 pairings will usually not be enough
CS needs to be distinctive
Anything else I ought to know about CC?
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Stimulus generalization: responding to a
stimulus that’s similar to the CS
Stimulus discrimination: spotting how a
stimulus is different from the CS
Extinction: what happens with no UCS?
Spontaneous Recovery: hey, there’s still
something left after extinction?
Higher Order Conditioning: using a pairing
of an NS with a CS, and after a while we’ve
got a new CS.
Are there other forms of CC?
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Conditioned Emotional Response: Poor lil’ Abert…
so afraid of a harmless white rat.
Vicarious Conditioning: all I gotta do is notice how
somebody else responds to the CS?
Conditioned Taste Aversion: Why Neil isn’t a
tequila fan? Note 1 trial learning. Bio prepared!
Theories and explanations? You betcha!
Pavlov says process is stimulus substitution.
Cognitive psychologists believe there must be an
expectancy created by the CS/UCS pair.
Operant Conditioning? What’s that?
Thorndike’s cats in boxes helps him establish
the “Law of Effect”.
Skinner continues the trend with rats in boxes.
• What do we mean by a reinforcer?
• Some reinforcers are primary?
• Some reinforcers are secondary?
• How are they different from a punisher?
• Both things can be either positive or
negative? Huh?
What sorts of things effect how quickly or
long lasting operant learning works?
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Continuous reinforcement. Simple and fast
Partial reinforcement. Slower but steady
Fixed intervals work pretty well for work.
Variable intervals work against gamblers
Anything else important to consider?
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Speed matters (like with CC), but now we
need a speedy delivery of the reinforcer.
We need to make sure we are reinforcing
the correct response ONLY!
Enough about Reinforcement. What
about Punishment?
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Punishment reduces the likelihood that a
response gets repeated. May be + or It works best if it is intense or severe (uh oh)
It needs to be consistent (creates gambling)
Even when it works, results often temporary
It may create fear, avoidance, anxiety, lying
and/or animosity
It teaches violence (if we believe in
modeling) and messes up my relationships
Anything else about Operant Conditioning?
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A Discriminative Stimulus works as a cue to
direct us toward certain behavior (cops!)
Behavior Modification allows us to target
certain behaviors (to increase or decrease)
Shaping allows us to gradually teach
someone a very complex behavior (chain?)
Token economies allow us to skimp on
reinforcers
Some behavior is biologically constrained
What about THINKING?!?
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Cognitive Theorists focus on mental processes
Tolman discovers rats show latent learning and
develop cognitive maps
Kohler discovers that chimps use insight to
problem solve
Seligman discovers that dogs can learn
helplessness and mimic depression
Humans can learn to control HR, BP, GSR and
peripheral vascular using Biofeedback… and
Specific Brain activity or patterns using
Neurofeedback
Any other learning stuff happenin’?
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Bandura discovers that kids go beyond
vicarious conditioning to modeling the
behavior of others… sometimes.
Do we need to worry about violent video
games?
Four Keys to Observational Learning
Attention: must notice the model’s behavior
Memory: must store & retrieve information
Imitation: must be able to do the behavior
Motivation: no desire… no luck