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Operant Conditioning Applications Same ‘Ol Extensions • All of the classical conditioning extensions apply to operant conditioning as well • ACQUISITION – When the organism connects the behavior with the stimulus • EXTINCTION – When you stop pairing the stimulus with the behavior • SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY – After a rest period, you pair the stimulus with the behavior again • GENERALIZATION – Behavior is affected by a stimulus similar to the original • DISCRIMINATION – Behavior is not affected by a stimulus similar to the original How would each of these extensions apply to training a dog to sit through use of treat rewards? Skinner Box • A device where an animal can press a lever to receive a food or water reinforcer • Devices are attached to record the animal’s rate of bar pressing Shaping • A procedure that teaches a complex behavior by reinforcing small steps/approximations toward completion of the behavior – Positively Reinforce each small step along the way – How could you shape a child to walk? “Good job” when they sit upright Give them a candy when they start crawling toward you Hug and a kiss when they stand up Types of Reinforcers • Primary reinforcers are biologically reinforcing stimuli that all people naturally desire – Food and water are perfectly examples since we need these to survive • Conditioned (secondary) reinforcers are those that can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer in some manner – Money, grades, power, prestige, etc. Primary Reinforcer Other Examples??? Conditioned (Secondary) Reinforcer Other Examples??? Latent Learning • Learning that is occurring but will not be demonstrated by an organism until it is given a reason to do so – Rats may learn a maze, but won’t actually go through it fast unless there’s an incentive – This indicates they’ve developed a cognitive map (a mental representation of the layout of one’s environment) – You may be learning right now, but I have no idea until I give you an incentive to demonstrate it (test day!) Overjustification Effect • Giving a reward for already desired behavior will reduce one’s aspiration to engage in that behavior – If you already enjoy a behavior, ENJOYMENT is the reward for it – If you start getting PAID to do something you already enjoy, you are overrewarding (overjustifying) why you do the behavior… your brain doesn’t naturally like this – So the enjoyment of the behavior is replaced by the payment – So… should you really get a job “doing what you love”??? Have you ever noticed college athletes seem to be more passionate about their sport than professional athletes? Token Economy • An individual is given a token as a reward for performing a desired behavior; tokens can be exchanged for sought-after prizes – Basic example of Positive Reinforcement – Used in schools, mental institutions, prisons, households, etc. – Can you think of any examples of this at the high school? Premack Principle • Using a desired behavior to reinforce a nondesired behavior – Sometimes a behavior can serve as a reward for another behavior! – For example, telling yourself you can watch the entire season of Game of Thrones if you finish your essay first. – Different people find different things motivating though, so the same motivators won’t work for everyone Cognitive Processes and Biological Predispostions of Operant Conditioning • Cognitive processes are also at work in operant learning – Animals on a time-based reinforcement schedule respond more frequently as the time gets closer to the reinforcer • For example, students study the most the night before a test – This proves that their expectations play a role in learning • Regarding biology, it is easier to reinforce animal behaviors normally associated with their natural actions – You can use food reinforcement to teach your dog to sit, but you probably won’t be able to teach it to dance