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Chapter 7: Learning _____ 1. Cultural variations exist in the occurrence and amount of dental fears in children. Page: 253 _____ 2. Operant conditioning explains the organism’s response to the environment whereas classical conditioning explains the organism’s activity in the environment. Page: 255 _____ 3. Through the process of classical conditioning, service dogs can be trained to do a variety of household tasks, including the laundry. Page: 257 _____ 4. The terms, “reward” and “positive reinforcement” always refer to the same process and should have the same outcomes. Page: 258 _____ 5. Both negative reinforcers and positive reinforcers have the same impact on behavior. Page: 259 _____ 6. Negative punishment and negative reinforcement have the same impact on behavior. Page: 263 _____ 7. The link between spanking and child behavioral problems is reduced when parents show strong emotional support of the child. Page: 264 _____ 8. The effects of delayed reinforcement differ, depending on the species involved. Page: 265 _____ 9. A real-life application of Rescorla’s position that the CS should be a reliable predictor of the UCS occurs when people ignore car alarms. Page: 251 _____ 10. Insight learning is the sudden understanding of a problem’s solution and occurs only in humans. Page: 271 _____ 11. A rat’s history and the type of information it receives in a learning situation will determine whether it can be classically conditioned to a specific CS. Page: 270 _____ 12. Seligman proposes that animals are biologically predisposed to learn in species-specific ways. This means that all species have a preparedness for learning similar behaviors. Page: 272 _____ 13. Taste aversions result from associative learning and is a characteristic of all species. Page: 272-273 _____ 14. Cultural influences have been a focal point of psychological inquiry since the early 1900s and is addressed in each of the major theories of learning. Page: 273 _____ 15. After successfully conditioning a phobia in Little Albert (an eleven month old baby), John Watson later wrote the official government guidebook on childrearing. Page: 273