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Carbon Compounds
Organic Compounds: substances that contain both carbon (C) and
hydrogen (H)
Ex. Sugar – C2H12O6
Inorganic Compounds: substances that do not contain both carbon (C) and
hydrogen (H)
Ex. H2O and CO2
A. Organic Compounds
 C binds with other elements (H, O, N, P) to form monomers
 Monomer: a single compound with certain characteristics
 Polymer: long chains of monomers
Synthesizing and Digesting Polymers
 Dehydration Synthesis: removing a water molecule from 2 or
more monomers to make a polymer
 Hydrolysis: adding water to a polymer to split it apart into
monomers (hydro = water, lysis = split)
1. Carbohydrates/Starch
 Polymer also known as a polysaccharide
 Monomers are sugars/saccharides (C6H12O6)
 Ring-shaped
Glucose
Fructose
 Monosaccharide = 1 sugar
C6H12O6 (glucose)
 Disaccharride = 2 sugars
C12H22O11 (sucrose)
C6H12O6
+
C6H12O6
=
C12H22O11 + H2O
Dehydration Synthesis
 Polysaccharide = many sugars (glycogen – in liver, cellulose – in
plants)
 Ratio C : H : O
1:2:1
 Ending: “-ose” for sugars and some starches
 Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose (sugars), cellulose (starch in
plants), glycogen (starch stored in the liver)
 Provide energy for cells
 Indicator:
Iodine (tests for starch): yellow to blue/black
Benedicts (tests for sugar): blue + heat changes to orange
 Digestive Enzyme: salivary amylase
2. Lipids
 Polymer also known as fat/oils
 Monomer: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
 Form straight chains of carbon
Glycerol
3 Fatty Acids
 Non-Polar: repels water, no attractive force
 Used for long-term energy storage and forms waterproofs
membranes
 Ending: “-ol”, “-one”, “-ide”, “-acid”
 Ex. Cholesterol, cortisol, testosterone, cortisone, triglycerides,
Stearic Acid an Oleic Acid
 Digestive Enzyme: lipase
3. Nucleic Acid: (Polymer)
 Monomer: nucleotide (made of 3 parts)
a. 5 carbon sugar
b. Phosphate group
c. Nitrogen base
 Stores and transmits genetic information, hereditary
information, information to make proteins and other organic
compounds, information to produce traits
 Ex. DNA and RNA
 Digestive Enzyme: Nuclease
4. Proteins: (Polymer)
 Monomer: amino acid – identified by an amino group (NH2) at
one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) at the other end
 20 different amino acids exist in nature
 Amino acids bind together to form a protein polymer by
forming peptide bonds
 Form muscles, bones, hair, transport materials in and out of
the cell, regulate the speed of chemical reactions (enzymes)
 Ending: “-ine” (for amino acids: monomer for proteins), “-in”
for proteins, “-ase” for enzymes (protein polymers)
 Ex. Glycine, alanine, glutamine, fibrin, myosin,
***Enzymes (Catalyst)
 Protein that speeds up the synthesis or digestion of
chemical compounds
 Specific in shape and specific for different
compounds, can be reused
 Affected by temperature and pH
 Form Enzyme-Substrate Complex/Lock and Key
Model
 Active Site: area of the enzyme in which the
substrate (molecules) attach
 Denaturation: when temperature or pH changes the
shape of the active site so that molecules can no
longer attach
 Endings: “-ase”
 Ex. Amylase (starch)
Lipase (lipids)
Protease (proteins)
Nuclease (nucleic acids)