Download Macromolecule Notes

Buffers- weak acids
or bases that resist
pH changes
*aid in keeping pH
regulated in cells
Vocabulary activity
CUT AND GLUE TERM
& MATCHING
DEFINITION IN YOUR
PDN BOOK 
Carbon Compounds
Organic chemistry- the study of compounds that
contain bonds between carbon (C) atoms
*C has four valence e- (e- in outermost energy
level)
*can form four covalent bonds
*can have single, double or triple bonds
*C bonds with H, O, N, P and S
*C can form long chains and complex molecules
Carbon
Compounds
Macromolecules
-giant molecules
-made of many smaller molecules
-formed by polymerization- large
molecules are formed by joining
smaller ones together
monomers- smaller units
polymers- larger units formed
-Monomers are joined together
by dehydration synthesis
-Removes a water
molecule to form a polymer
Hydrolysis- water is added
to separate a polymer into its
monomers.
Groups of organic
compounds in living
things:
1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. nucleic acids
4. proteins
Carbohydrates
*made up of C, H and O
*in a 1:2:1 ratio
ex- C6H12O6
*main source of energy
ex- sugars and starches (long chain of sugars)
*can be stored as complex sugars
monomers = monosaccharide- single
sugar molecules
ex- glucose, galactose and fructose
polymers = polysaccharides- larger
molecule formed from many
monosaccharides
ex- glycogen (excess stored sugar) and
cellulose (found in wood)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bXkdny-wjM
Lipids
*made up of C and H and some O
*not soluble in water (do not
dissolve)
*store energy and form
membranes
monomers = glycerol and fatty
acids
polymer = fats, oils and waxes
page 46 fig 2-14: LIPIDS
Saturated vs Unsaturated Fatty Acids
saturated- all single bonds which leads to
maximum # of H
unsaturated- at least one double bond
between two carbon atoms
-not loaded with Hydrogen
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kWI2datvFY
Nucleic acids
*macromolecules containing H, O, N,C and
P
*store and transmit hereditary or genetic
info
monomers = nucleotides
-consists of 5-C sugar, a phosphate
group and a nitrogenous base
polymer = nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QDxPV7Si6I
Proteins
*contain C, N, H and O
*have an amino group and a carboxyl group
*most diverse macromolecule because of Rgroups
*regulates cell processes, control reaction
rates, transport substances and fight disease
monomers = amino acids
polymer = protein
Amino Acids and Proteins
general structure
alanine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WFWyRIb4Yo
serine
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
chemical reaction- process that changes one
set of chemicals into another
-atoms are rearranged
-some reactions are fast
ex: something blowing up
-some are slow
ex: rust forming
ex:
H2CO3
CO2 + H2O 
reactants- elements or
compounds that enter a reaction
(in ex. CO2 and H2O)
products- elements or compounds
formed during reaction
(in ex. H2CO3)
-chemical reactions involve the breaking and
making of bonds
-the number of each element you begin with
must be the same as you end with
ex:
C
O
H
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3
reactants
products
1
1
3
3
2
2
-Energy is either released or absorbed
when bonds are made or broken
ex: we release energy when we
metabolize our food
Activation energy- energy needed to
get a reaction started
-If the activation energy cannot be
reached there will not be a reaction
activation
energy
products
reactant
s
activation
energy
reactant
s
products
Catalysts- substances that speed up
the rate of a chemical reaction
-lowers activation energy
Enzymes- proteins that speed up
reactions in cells
*biological catalysts
reaction pathway without
enzyme
activation energy without
enzyme
reactant
s
reaction pathway with
enzyme
activatio
n energy
with
enzyme
products
substrates- reactants of enzymecatalyzed reactions
-substrates bind with enzymes
-enzymes are specific- can only
bond with one type of substrate
-like a lock and key
Enzymes jobs include:
1.regulating chemical
pathways
2.making materials that
cells need
3.releasing energy
4. transferring info
enzy
me
gluco
se
substra
tes
produc
ADP
ts
glucose
-6phosph
ate
products
are
released
ATP
active
site
enzymesubstrate
complex
substrates
are
converted
into
products
substra
tes
bind to
enzyme