Download * Abundant! * Able to share 4 outer valence electrons! * Versatile

SUPER CARBON
Abundant!
Able to share 4 outer valence electrons!
Versatile!
Stable!
O-Chem (organic chemistry)
• Organic compounds are critical to the structure and function of all
living things.
• There are 4 main categories (classes/groups) of organic compounds
they are all polymers (very large structures);
1) Carbohydrates
2) Proteins
3) Nucleic Acids
4) Lipids
• All of these (1-4) will be made out of different monomers (single,
smaller structures that bond together)
How can we get 4 different functioning
groups (classes) of organic compounds
from the same basic component? (Carbon)
• By using things called functional groups!
• Functional groups are lone atoms or clusters of atoms,
bonded to a carbon chain (backbone)* the bonding of
those functional groups alters the properties of the carbon
skeleton.
* C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
Functional groups
Carbohydrates
OH
Proteins
NH2
Lipids
C=C-OH
Nucleic Acids
P
Functional groups change THE FUNCTION of an organic
compound!
Carbohydrates
• Large compounds (polymer)
• Used in the body for energy
and structure
• Functional Group = OH
• Made up of monomers
called saccharides (simple
sugars, like glucose)
glucose
fructose
• Monosaccharides (like glucose)
bond together to form disaccharides
(like sucrose) bond together to form
polysaccharides or complex
carbohydrates (like starch)
• Examples: Pasta, potatoes
Proteins
• Large compounds (polymer)
• Used in the body to form tissues, cell
membrane gates
• Functional Group – NH2
• Made up of monomers called amino acids
• Single amino acids are bonded together using
peptide bonds.
• EX: Meat, eggs, fish
Make a Prediction
• Would your body like to use a single enzyme for more than one
reaction? Why or why not?
• Will your body want to regulate (start and stop) chemical reactions at
different times throughout your life?
Denaturation
• Disruption of three-dimensional shape of the protein
• Breakage of bonds (hydrogen bonds that form the shape
of the protein)
• Causes of denaturation:
pH
Temperature
• Destroying protein shape
disrupts function
Nucleic Acids
• Large compounds (polymer)
• DNA and RNA
• Made of monomers called
nucleotides which are a
phosphate, sugar and a
nitrogenous base. (A,T,G,C or
U)
• Functional Group = P
• Large compounds (polymer)
• Used in the body for insulation, cell membrane
structure and energy
• Made up of the monomers; 3 fatty acids and 1
glycerol
• Functional group C=O-OH
• All are hydrophobic
• EX: Butter, oil
LIPIDS
Modified lipids
• If the fatty acids are in a ring format, they
are called sterols. Ex: cholesterol and
steroids
• If we remove one fatty acid and add a
phosphate we get phospholipids.