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2015 Week 4 NURS1004 Outline: Organisation of the Body & Survey of Body Systems Text Reference: Martini et al. 10th ed p. 28-49. Martini et al. 9th ed p4-22 OR International ed p24-44. All living animals share the characteristics of: movement, metabolism, responsiveness to stimuli, growth and development, reproduction, and adaptation to their environment. Life needs water, food, oxygen, and appropriate environmental temperature and pressure to exist. The levels of structural organisation: 1. Chemical level (atoms, ions and molecules) 2. Cellular level (organelles (eg mitochondria, nucleus, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, ER) and cells) 3. Tissue level (4 basic types: muscle, nervous, connective, epithelial tissues); 4. Organ level (individual whole organs - may be multiples of a smaller “functional unit” eg nephron in kidney, alveolus in lung, motor unit in muscle, a pathway in nervous system, a villus in the small intestine, osteon in bone, lobule in liver); 5 Organ System level. (groups of coordinated organs & tissues). 6. Organism level (whole human being). 3. Cellular respiration: uses O2 and liberates energy from ingested food molecules to produce molecules of ATP - energy rich molecules which power cellular activities. Catabolism: disassembling phase of metabolism, provides the energy needed to carry on life (eg glucose dissembled to CO2 and water) Anabolism: construction phase. Uses energy for producing chemical substances and parts for growth and repair. Homeostasis: The body's automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment by regulating its temperature, blood pressure, ion concentrations in solution, pH, hydration, dissolved blood gas concentration, food molecules and wastes (they are prevented from accumulating). Body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium, internal conditions change and vary (oscillate) within relatively narrow limits. Anatomy: Structure and arrangement of body parts. 1. Gross anatomy (visible to the eye, both at the surface and by dissection) 2. Histology (microscopic study of tissues and cells) Homeostasis returns body to healthy state after stressful stimuli by biofeedback mechanisms. Negative feedback - response opposes stress (eg regulation of blood-sugar level by insulin; regulation of body temperature by shivering, sweating, adaptive behaviour) Positive feedback - response (to infrequent events) enhances (!) stress (eg contractions of childbirth; blood clotting) BODY PLAN The “anatomical position” is standing and viewed from the front, palms displayed. Prone: lying on your front; Supine: lying on your back Physiology: Function of body parts (how they work). 1. Cell physiology 2. Organ system physiology (healthy physiology) 3. Pathological physiology (changes to physiology in disease states) Directional terms: Anterior (ventral), Posterior (dorsal). Superior (cephalic), Inferior (caudal). Medial or Lateral. Proximal or Distal. (referring to limbs) Superficial or Deep. Metabolism: All the chemical processes that take place in the organelles and cytoplasm of the cells of the body. Regulated by hormones secreted by glands in the endocrine system. 1. Nutrition: supplies the cells with nutrients. 2. Synthesis: use of energy to manufacture molecules required by cells Regional terms: Axial (main axis of body, head & neck, trunk) Appendicular (appendages or limbs attached to body axis) Planes of the body: Midsaggital (median) left & right 1 Coronal (frontal) front & back Transverse (horizontal) above & below of langerhans, ovaries/testes, thymus - in children). Body cavities: Body trunk is a “muscular bag” enclosing 2 “cavities”: Dorsal (cranial + vertebral). (know the contents): Ventral (thoracic + (diaphragm) abdominopelvic). Contents. (also scrotal, pericardial, buccal, pleural) Transport Circulatory: capillaries, heart, blood, blood cells, blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins). Lymphatic: lymph (+lymphocytes), spleen , thymus, lymph vessels, lymph nodes. Nine regions of the abdomino-pelvic cavity Maintenance Respiratory: lungs, nasal passageways, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli (thoracic cage, diaphragm). Digestive: mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, liver, gall bladder, pancreas (glands have ducts exocrine gland), digestive liquids (saliva, HCl, stomach “juice”, intestinal “juice”, bile, pancreatic juice). R.hypochondriac epigastric L.hypochondriac R.lumbar umbi☼lical L.lumbar R.iliac hypogastric L.iliac Anatomical terminology for regions of the body (Head & neck) cephalic, occipital, cervical, cranial, frontal, facial, orbital, oral, mental(chin), buccal. (Limbs) brachial, cubital, carpal, palmar, femoral, patellar, popliteal, tarsal, plantar, calcaneal. (arm=shoulder to elbow, forearm=elbow to wrist thigh=inguinal ligament to knee, leg=knee to ankle) (Trunk) acromial, axillary, celiac, umbilical, inguinal, pubic, coxal (hip), sacral, lumbar, gluteal. LIST OF BODY SYSTEMS (11) you should know their location and function Body covering, protection Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, sweat & oil glands, sensory organs. (chemical & physical barrier, temp regulation, sensation, vitamin D synthesis) Support, movement, protection Skeletal: bones, marrow, joints, cartilage, ligaments. (Axial & appendicular skeleton) Muscular: skeletal muscle (names of superficial muscles, generates heat), (also cardiac muscle, smooth muscle). Control and integration Nervous: (CNS & PNS [somatic & autonomic {sympathetic & parasympathetic}]) sense organs, nerves, brain, spinal cord. Endocrine: hormones and ductless glands (pituitary, hypothalamus, adrenal, thyroid, islets Excretion Urinary: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra. Continuation Reproductive: gonads, structures. associated tubes & LOCATION OF SYSTEMS WITHIN CAVITIES Dorsal cavity contains brain and spinal cord. Enclosed by 3 membranes called meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater & pia mater). Thoracic cavity contains thymus, heart and great blood vessels (aorta, vena cavae), trachea and oesophagus in mediastinum, lungs and some air passages. Each lung is separately enclosed by a serous membrane called pleura (visceral pleura & parietal pleura) and heart by pericardium (visceral & parietal pericardium). Abdominal cavity contains most of the digestive system. Enclosed by serous membrane called peritoneum (visceral and parietal peritoneum). Pelvic cavity contains bladder, female reproductive organs, part of large intestine. Also enclosed by peritoneum. Thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm (a skeletal muscle). Abdomino-pelvic cavity is really the one cavity. STRUCTURES OUTSIDE BODY CAVITIES Skeletal system, integumentary system, skeletal muscle (ie arms & legs), kidneys, testes, sense organs, peripheral nerves and blood vessels. M.Caon 2013 Didy Button 2015. 3 1