Download Test 01B S00

S213(003) Social Deviance Bogart
Test01B
02/15/00
Part01: Text (Thio) Items—Old
Ch.02: Traditional Theories
01. _____ is to strain theory as differential identification is to
learning theory .A. status frustration . differential association, C.
differential reinforcement, D. crime, E. deviance. (p. 17).
02. Merton believed that US society pressures us to commit deviance by: A. its anomic social structure; . its
intense social and cultural conflicts; C. underemphasis on the success goal; D. its ethical diversity; E.
encouragement of high aspirations and denial of success opportunities. (p. 18)
03. Which of the following is not a response to the goals-means gap? A. conformity . innovation, C.
secularism, D. retreatism, E. rebellion. (p. 19).
04. Merton’s goals-means gap is to _____ as Cohen’s status frustration theory is to _____. A. success,
resignation; . status, particularism; C. subculture, socialization; D. success, status;
E. anomie, alien nation. (p. 20)
05. According to Cloward and Ohlin, the three types of deviant subcultures providing illegitimate opportunity
are: A. delinquent,
criminal and conflict . conformist, rebellious, and ritualist, C. criminal, conflict, and retreatist D. robbing,
stealing, and fencing,
E. retreatist, ritualistic, and rebellious. (p. 21).
06. One critique of strain theory’s premise, (i. e. that people of lower-classes are more likely to commit
deviance,) is that although
_____ support the theory, they are unreliable and invalid, measuring only a small proportion of total
deviance (best answer). A. judicial systems; . phenomenological theory premises C. shaming theory
premises, D. Institute for Social Research Survey Results, E. official statistics. (p. 22).
07. In Thio’s comparison of three models of Strain Theory (Merton, Cohen, and Cloward and Ohlin), the
common element in all three is A. social disorganization, . innovation, C. status frustration, D. differential
illegitimate opportunity, E. a goal-means gap. (p. 22)
08. A father, who has never stolen anything in his life, tells his children it’s all right to steal when you’re poor.
This is an example
of which theory? A. status frustration, . differential association C. social learning, D. differential
opportunity E. reintegrative shaming. (p. 23).
09. According to Daniel Glaser (1956), Sutherland’s theory actually conveys a rather “_____ image” of
deviance. A. liberal, . conservative, C. mechanistic, D. organic, E. transcendental. (p. 24)
10. According to Burgess and Akers Social Learning Theory, you must both associate with criminals and _____
in order to continue criminal behavior. A. identify with them, . be rewarded for doing so, C. be labeled as
criminal, D. be frustrated by the goal-means gap E. have not had the opportunity to do drugs instead. (p. 25).
Ch.03: Modern Theories
11. Labeling and phenomenological theory are actually versions of: A. conflict theory . symbolic
interactionism, C. differential illegitimate opportunity theory, D. differential identification theory, E.
positivistic interactionism. (p. 34).
12. “Forms of the behavior per se do not differentiate deviants from nondeviants; it is the responses of the
conventional and conforming members of the society who identify and interpret behavior as deviant which
sociologically transform persons into deviants.” This quote was made by a _____. A. labeling theorist, .
social learning theorist, C.
conflict theorist, D. traditional theorist, E. phenomenologist. (p.
35).
13. _____theorists interpret deviance as a dynamic process of symbolic interaction between both deviants and
nondeviants. A. control; . labeling; C. conflict; D. power; E. feminist. (p. 35)
14. According to your text, _____ is the most important positive consequence for the community of labeling
deviants. A. enhanced social order and social cohesion; . preservation of ancient moral philosophies; C.
deterrence of criminal activity; D. segregation of deviant subcultures. (p. 37)
.15.
According to labeling theorist (Erickson, etc.) labeling a person deviant tends to create _____
consequences for the community, the most important of which is (best answer): A. negative, enhanced social
order, . negative, weakening of the social order, C. negative, goals-means gap, D. positive, preservation and
strengthening of social cohesion and social order, E. positive, pointing out social penalties. (p. 37).
16. Phenomenologists are particularly critical of the _____ view of deviance. A. positivist, . humanistic, C.
social psychological, D. psychological, E. sociological. (p. 38)
17. Term most aptly associated with idea that “The investigator goes into the situation to be studied with a
totally open mind—open, in fact, in dept to all the stimuli that impinges upon his consciousness” (Bruyn,
1966): A. ethno-methology, . symbolic interactionism, C. degradation ceremony, D. phenomenological
bracketing, E. participant observation. (p. 40)
18. Phenomenologists’ approach is known as phenomenological bracketing, phenomenological reduction, or
theoretical stance, which involves (best answer): A. reducing deviance theories to abstractions, . a computer
technique using bracketing as methodology, C. specific body language to elicit objective responses from
deviants studied, D. a theoretical stance based on only the deviant’s self report, E. objectively studying the
subjective world of the deviant. (p. 40).
19. A _____ named Katz, found that virtually all robbers feel themselves “morally superior” to their victims. A.
feminist theorist, phenomenologist, C. conflict theorist, D. control theorist, E. social reality theorist. (p. 41).
20. _____ conflict has to do with the incompatible interests, needs, and desires of diverse groups such as
business companies versus labor unions, and blacks versus whites, whereas _____ conflict has to do with
the discrepant norms and values that derive from different definitions
of right and wrong. A. social, cultural; . cultural, social; C. etiological, ethnographic; D. cultural,
positivist; E. ethnographic, social constructivist. (p. 43)
Part02: Text (Thio) Items: Newly Constructed
Ch.02: Traditional Theories
21. To _____, strain is the failure to achieve high status. A. Durkheim, . Merton, C. Freud, D. Cohen, E.
Cloward and Ohlin. (p.17)
22. _____ described the Goal-Means Gap as the overemphasis on success goal and underemphasis on the
legitimate means for achieving that goal. A. Durkheim, . Merton, C. Freud, D. Cohen, E. Cloward and
Ohlin. (p.17)
23. The adaptation response from placing not enough emphasis on the success goal and too much emphasis on
legitimate means is A. Rebellion, . Retreatism, C. Ritualism, D. Innovation, E. Conformity. (p. 19)
24. According to Cohen (1955) _____ is the reason that lower-class boys set up a deviant subculture. A. status
frustration, . illegitimate opportunity, C. rebellion, D. peer pressure, E. lack of education. (p. 20)
25. According to _____, all lower-class individuals no not have the same opportunity for participating in
illegitimate and deviant activities. A. Durkheim, . Merton, C. Freud, D. Cohen, E. Cloward and Ohlin.
(p.19)
26. Which of the following statements about strain theory is TRUE? A. lower class individuals are more likely
than those of other classes to engage in deviant activities, . law enforcers are more likely to catch lowerclass criminals that upper-class criminals, C. upper-class people are more likely to commit serious types of
deviance, D. lower-class people hold the same level of success aspirations as do upper- and middle class
people, E. sociologists have been unable to draw conclusions between an individual’s deviance and society.
(p. 22)
27. According to Thio, Strain Theory A. has no redeeming value, . contributed to the idea that the individual
causes deviant behavior, C. makes unwarranted generalizations about the lower class, D. contributed to the
idea that society causes deviant behavior, E. is only applicable to the upper class. (p. 23)
28. Which of the following is a Control Theory? A. Social Learning, . Differential Identification, C.
Differential Reinforcement, D. Differential Association, E. Reintegrative Shaming. (p. 27)
29. The focus on formal social control by punishing crime to prevent future crime is characteristic of which
theory? A. Hirsch’s Social Bond and Self-Control, . Burgess and Aker’s Differential Reinforcement or
Social Learning, C. Braithwaite’s Reintegrative Shaming, D. Glaser’s Differential Identification, E.
Deterrence Doctrine. (p. 28)
30. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways for punishment to be carried out, affecting the likelihood of
committing crime. A. frequency, . severity, C. certainty, D. swiftness, E. these are all ways in which
punishment is carried out. (p. 28)
Ch.03: Modern Theories
31. Symbolic Interactionism A. was first linked to deviance by Thio, . has no particular fit with labeling theory,
C. is disproven by labeling theory, D. has been associated with labeling theory for 30 years, E. none of the
above. (p. 34)
32. Labeling Theory focuses on each of these except A. the interaction between the deviant and non-deviant, .
complementary relationship between deviant and non deviant, C. the deviant act or action, D. the
consequences of being called deviant, E. those that call others deviant. (pp. 34-35)
33. Which of the following would most NOT be labeled as a deviant? A. the poor, . juvenile delinquents, C.
prison guards, D. the mentally ill, E. drug addicts. (p. 35)
34. According to Tannenbaum (1938) the process of “Dramatizing the evil” of children’s actions does what? A.
shows the children what not to do in the future, . nothing, as the children think it is funny, C. tempts the
children to continue as before, D. is so severe that it causes the children to be emotionally disturbed, E.
branded a delinquent, it turns the children into criminals. (p. 36)
35. According to Lemert (1951) primary deviance A. is a matter of value conflict, . is a consequence of
secondary deviance, C. is continued or repeated deviance, D. defines the career of deviance, E. none of the
above. (p. 36)
36. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of labeling theory? A. it does not explain the causes of deviance,
. it only deals with deviance among those of lower socioeconomic status, C. there is inconsistent support
that labeling encourages deviance, D. it cannot deal with hidden deviance, E. it cannot deal with powerful
deviance. (p. 38)
37. Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic of Phenomenological Theory? A. deviant behavior is
unreal, . focusing on peoples subjectivity, C. the deviant’s subjective experience is the heart of deviant
reality, D. focus is on perceptions, attitudes and feelings on deviance, E. none of the above. (pp. 38-39)
38. According to Thio, which of the following statement about phenomenology is FALSE? A.
phenomenologists create a version of human reality, . phenomenology recognizes that people exercise their
free will, C. phenomenologists strive to keep an open mind in their analysis, D. phenomenology is superior
to positivism, E. none of the above. (p. 42)
39. _____ is NOT an example of a conflict theory that have become popular since the mid-1970’s. A. Feminist
Theory . Legal Reality Theory, C. Power Theory, D. Marxist Theory, E. The above are all become popular
since 1970. (p. 43)
40. One of the conflict theories, _____ theory states that the cause of deviance the exploitative nature of
capitalism. A. Marxist, . Social Reality, C. Feminist, D. Power, E. Phenomenological. (p. 46)
Test 01B S00
Part 3. Lecture Items (old)
41. According to Erikson, a primary function of deviance is to A. maintain class systems, B. distract persons
from other forms of oppression, C. maintain the collective identity of the group or society, D. enlist the
moral support of the poor, E. create amusement for the working class.
42. In noting that communities employ procedures that institutionalize individuals in deviant roles, Erikson
explicitly makes the case that communities A. require and manufacture deviance, B. are sociologically
naive, C. exhibit structural strain, D. would rather be moral than effective, E. are governed by an economic
substructure.
43. What is the social function of the impersonal nature of sexual relations in a situation of prostitution
according to Kingsley Davis? A. to reduce the role conflict of prostitutes, B. to keep prostitutes in their
stigmatized social status, C. to complement rather than compete with marriage as an institution, D. to
express and extend the norms of the industrial revolution and capitalism, E. to maintain some degree of
social distance and self respect for the prostitute.
44. Farris and Dunham viewed the city in _ class struggle, B. ideology and naturalization, C. the central role of
religion and family, D. concentric zones, e. mechanical solidarity.
45. C. Wright Mills described the early Chicago sociologists in the phrase: A. human ecologists, B. social
pathologists, C. social empiricists, D. robber barons, E. deans of sociology.
46. According to Cloward and Ohlin, Merton’s anomie theory fails to take into account . A. differential
legitimate opportunity, B. differential illegitimate opportunity, C. equal legitimate opportunity, D. equal
illegitimate opportunity, E. all of the above.
.
47. Durkheim had understood anomie primarily in terms of _____. A. religious oppression, B. homogenization,
C.phenomenological confusion, D. normlessness, E. authoritarian restraint.
48. For Durkheim the secrete to human contentment and happiness is based in social A. regulation, B.
solidarity, C. diversity, D. development, E. affluence.
49. The basic theme of Sutherland’s propositional statements is . A. semantics, B. careers, C, systems, D.
learning, E. resistance.
50. Sykes and Matzo’s concept, technique of neutralization, most approximates the concept of . A. balance of
power, B. rationalization, C. peer influence, D. peer influence, E. differential identification.
51. The idea expressed in “idle hands do the devil’s work” is most closely associated with the strategy of
limiting deviance in Hirschi’s concept of A. attachment, B. commitment, C. involvement, D. belief, e.
containment.
52. Gelles makes an argument most closely associate with which claim (somewhat oversimplified). A. Biology
is destiny, B. Men are perverts, C. The gain is more than the expected cost, D. Capitalism is sick, sick, sick.
E. Women bring it upon themselves.
53. “People avoid criminal acts because they will get in trouble” is the basic underlying assumption of theory.
A. Richard Cloward’s differential access, B. Emile Durkheim’s anomie, C. Talcott Parson’s structuralfunctionalism, D. Edwin Lemert’s social control, E. Travis Hirschi’s control theory.
54. According to Ray (1961) addicts who cure themselves from their addiction may still be locked in their
deviant role largely due to A withdrawal symptoms, B. loss in income during the addiction, C. beliefs about
addiction in the community, D. natural propensities, e. primary deviance.
55. Tannenbaum discusses the process of making a criminal which includes all of the following steps but A.
defining, B. counseling, C. segregating, D. identifying, E. tagging.
56. In the social control perspective reviewed by Vold, the most central fact of social life is . A. social
definitions of situations, B. conflict between groups, C. the inequality of persons, D. the struggle for
emancipation of oppressed groups, E. gender and racially specific adversity.
57. In “Symbolic Crusade,” Gusfield talks specifically about A. pornography, B. corporate crime, C. the
Temperance Movement, E. Jehovah’s Witnesses.
58. Liazos argued that the sociology of deviance has been especially likely to neglect . A. covert institutional
violence, B. secondary deviance, C. empirical research, D. meta-theoretical logic, E. private sexual
deviance.
59. Spitzer (1975) notes that America’s passing of stringent drug laws seemed to be most clearly associated
with A. the development of chemistry as a science, B. the decline of America as an agrarian society, C. the
emergent power of tobacco and alcohol companies, D. the shifting of America to a service economy, E. the
threat and problems posed (to Anglo populations) by Chinese and Hispanic populations.
60. Marxist theories criticize traditional theories for largely ignoring the effects of on deviance. A.
psychopathology, b. commitment relations, C. correctional perspectives, D. structure and political economy,
E. humanist doctrines.
Lecture Items (new)
61. Why is deviance so important in functional theory? A. deviance provides justification for the system of
stratification, B. deviance is essential in maintaining the system, C. deviance is essential in the transference
of norms from generation to generation, D. deviance explains the accumulation of wealth by the elite few, E.
it provides a means for controlling population growth.
62. According to Durkheim which of the following is a true statement? A. Societies can eliminate crime, B.
Societies of saints are examples of societies without crime, C. Scandals and public outrages mobilize the
collective sentiments, D. Crime exists in the absolute sense, E. Progress requires that people be obedient and
orderly.
63. How does Davis explain the likelihood of prostitution occurring in primitive societies? It is a result of A. the
social dynamics of stratification, B. the social dynamics of gender, C. the social dynamics of law, D. the
social dynamics of dominance, E. the social dynamics of morality.
64. In The Polish Peasant, what were the two opposing forces necessary for social stability? A. organization and
disorganization, B. disorganization and reorganization, C. deviance and morality, D. ethnic diversity and
minimal migration, E. none of the above.
65. According to Park what was the most demoralizing single instrumentality of present-day civilization? A. the
newspaper, B. the motion-picture, C. the automobile, D. migration, E. immigration.
.
66. According to Durkheim, why must human passions and desires be limited by society? A. humans have the
power of reflection, B. humans have no limits to their appetites, C. humans desire becomes their torture, D.
humans are not like animals, E. all of the above.
67. In Merton’s schematic, what constitutes conformity? A. accept goal- reject means, B. accept goal-accept
means, C. reject goal-reject means without replacement, D. reject goal-reject means with replacement, E. A
and D.
68. Which of the following make up the “conservative myth”? A. frustration is the individual’s own fault and
good for him or her, B. “failures” such as the poor and ill are inevitable if not just, C. social problems can be
fixed with a few minor adjustments, D. the system should not be blamed for these problems, E. all of the
above.
69. According to developmental theory, how can differential associations vary? A. in frequency, B. in location,
C. in density, D. in intensity E. in age differentiation.
70. According to Cressey, why is self perception as “trustee” essential for the trust violator? A. to avoid being
found out, B. to avoid the definition of self as criminal, C. to avoid betraying him or herself, D. to avoid
losing his or her identity as a valuable employee, E. to avoid embarrassing his or her family.
71. What are the two components of containment theory? A. buffer or insulators, B. mores or norms, C.
sanctions or punishment, D. parents or siblings, E. religion or morality.
72. How does containment theory differ from other approaches to deviance? A. It focuses on the crime, B. It
focuses on defining deviance, C. It focuses on probability, D. It focuses on prosecution of deviance, E. It
focuses on individual acts of deviance.
73. In Nye’s description of containment theory what is the label for the rational component in conformity? A.
attachment, B. commitment, C. involvement, D. belief, E. identification.
74. According to Tannenbaum what does the gang provide that gives the gang its hold in the clash between the
delinquent and institutions? A. escape, B. security, C. pleasure, D. peace, E. all of the above.
75. What does Lemert suggest about personality changes? A. personality changes occur gradually, B.
personality changes are the result sudden physical trauma, C. personality changes are likely to be the result
of sudden perceptions, D. the community is not important in understanding personality changes, E.
secondary deviance is irrelevant in explaining personality changes.
76. According to Vold, why does struggle with another group for survival promote group harmony and self
sacrifice? A. each group compromises to conserve scarce resources, B. threat decreases group mobility, C.
groups are less likely to recruit new members during conflict, D. the loyalty of the group member is a
fundamental fact, E. none of the above.
77. According to Shaw and McKay and the Gluecks where do delinquent acts occur? A. in groups (a gang), B.
as isolated behavior of individuals, C. in the suburbs, D. in immigrant neighborhoods, E. in low income
neighborhoods.
78.
According to Turk how have conflict and crime been conceptualized? A. criminal behavior is an
indicator of conflict within the person, B. criminal behavior is the expression of participation a criminogenic
subculture, C. criminal behavior results from socialization in a different culture and either ignorance or rejection
of legal norms, D. violation of laws by essentially normal person in the course of realistic conflict of interest. E.
all of the above.
79. Who creates crime in a politically organized society in the theory developed by Quinney? A. the individual,
B. the deviant group, C. the religious groups, D. authorized agents, E. none of the above.
.
80. Who authorizes the agents who create crime in Quinney’s scheme? A. the church, B. the political groups, C.
the public, D. civic groups, E. the upper class.