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Biology—Midterm Study Guide Units 3-4 Fall 2009 Unit 4—Classification of Life 1. Classification—the placing of information or objects into groups based on similarities 2. The science of grouping and naming organisms is ________. Taxonomy 3. A group or level of organization into which organisms are classified is known as _______________. Taxa 4. Organisms that are similar in structure and form and successfully reproduce among themselves belong to the same _____. Species 5. In plant taxonomy, a division is the equivalent to _______________. Phylum 6. When classifying plants, instead of phylum what category do scientists use? Division 7. In the name of the white oak, Quercus alba, Quercus is the __________ name. Genus 8. A(n) _______________ is a series of paired statements that is used to identify organisms with specific traits. Dichotomous Key 9. The language used for scientific names is ____________ because it does not change. Latin 10. A system for naming species in which two words are used to name an organism is _____. Binomial nomenclature 11. Prokaryotic organisms make up the _______. Archaebacteria & Eubacteria 12. The kingdom _________________ is composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi. Protista 13. Which kingdom contains photosynthetic autotrophs? 14. Organisms in the kingdom animalia are: Plantae Heterotrophic & Eukaryotic 15. A heterotrophic eukaryote associated with the decomposition of dead organisms? Fungi 16. A group of prokaryotes that often live in oxygen free environments is the ________. Archaebacteria 17. Autotroph—organisms that make their own food 18. Heterotroph—an organism that cannot make its own food and must rely on other sources for energy. Unit 3—Changes over Time 19. Fossil—any evidence of an organism that lived long ago 20. Dating technique that utilizes isotopes in rocks to determine the specific age of a fossil? Radiometric dating 21. When using relative dating which layer of rock would contain the oldest fossils? The bottom layer 22. Who is the founder of modern evolutionary theory? Charles Darwin 23. Mimicry—adaptation in which one organisms resembles another organism to aid in it’s chance for survival 24. Camouflage—when an organisms blends in with its surrounding to hide from predators 25. What is natural selection? Survival and reproduction of the organisms that are genetically best adapted to the Environment. 26. Adaptation—any characteristic that helps an organisms survive 27. A giraffe’s long neck and tongue would be examples of what type of adaptation? Structural 28. Structures that have a similar evolutionary origin and structure but are adapted for different purposes, such as a bat wing and a human arm, are called _____. Homologous Structures 29. Structures that show no evolutionary relationship despite having similar functions. Analogous structures 30. Vestigial structures—structures found in modern species that no longer serve their original purpose. 31. The Geologic Time Scale begins at the formation of Earth approximately _____ years ago. 4.6 Billion years ago 32. Which Era is divided into three periods: Triassic, Jurassic, & Cretaceous? Mesozoic 33. Which era is marked by an explosion of life, characterized by an enormous increase in the diversity of life forms? Paleozoic 34. During which era did humans Evolve? Cenozoic 35. During which era did mammals appear? Mesozoic Unit 2—Reproduction and Genetics 36. cross pollination—process Mendel used when he wanted to cross one plant with another plant 37. A child is diagnosed with a rare genetic disease. Neither parent has the disease. How might the child have inherited the disorder? The disorder is recessive and carried by both parents. 38. When roan cattle are mated, 25% of the offspring are red, 50% are roan, and 25% are white. Upon examination, it can be seen that the coat of a roan cow consists of both red and white hairs. This trait is one controlled by _____. Co-dominant alleles 39. A useful device for predicting the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring between different parents is a _____.Punnett Square 40. Gender is determined by ____ chromosomes. Sex chromosomes (X&Y) 41. A white mouse whose parents are both white produces only brown offspring when mated with a brown mouse. The white mouse is most probably _____. Homozygous Recessive 42. The allele combination an organism contains is known as it’s ____________. Genotype 43. The physical expression of a trait is also known as the organism’s __________________.Phenotype 44. Eye color and height in humans is the result of _____ inheritance. Polygenic 45. When Mendel crossed a true-breeding pea plant with yellow seeds with a true-breeding pea plant with green seeds all the offspring were yellow. Which trait is dominant? Yellow 46. A pea plant with the genotype TT has the same phenotype as a pea plant with the genotype _____. Tt 47. A phenotype that results from a dominant allele must have at least _____ dominant allele(s) present in the genotype. ONE 48. The type of inheritance shown when a red-flowering plant is crossed with a white-flowering plant and only pink-flowering plants are produced is _____. Incomplete Dominance. 49. Which of the following describes an organism that has the genotype Bb? Heterozygous 50. A trait controlled by four alleles is said to have _____. Multiple Alleles 51. The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring. Heredity 52. A characteristic that is inherited. Trait 53. The branch of Biology that studies heredity. Genetics 54. During the process of transcription, DNA serves as the template for making ____________________, which leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosomes. mRNA 55. In DNA adenine forms a base pair with ____. Thymine 56. Meiosis produces _____, or male and female sex cells. Gametes 57. List the stages of the cell cycle in the order they occur. Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase 58. The pairing of _____ in DNA is the key feature that allows DNA to be copied. Nitrogenous Bases 59. What nucleotide pair bonds would be found in a RNA molecule? Guanine&Cytosine, Adenine&Uracil 60. Cytosine will form a base pair only with _______. Guanine 61. How Many amino acids will the result from the following DNA sequence? ATCAAATGCGGC. Four 62. Watson and Crick were the first to suggest that DNA is _____. Shaped like a double helix 63. The message of the DNA code is information for building ____. proteins 64. The process of converting RNA code into an amino acid sequence is called___. Translation 65. In which part of the cell are proteins made? Ribosome 66. A DNA segment is changed from-AATTAG- to -AAATAG-. This is a ____. Point mutation 67. Proteins are made in the cytoplasm of the cell, whereas DNA is found only in the _______________. Nucleus 68. A mutation is any mistake or change in the ____. DNA Sequence 69. When genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, _________ occurs. Crossing Over 70. A gene is a segment of DNA that controls the production of ___________. Proteins 71. Centrioles—structures needed for animal cell division 72. The process by which a DNA molecule is copied is called ______. Replication 73. A cell containing a full set of chromosomes is said to be ____. Diploid 74. A cell containing a half set of chromosomes is said to be ____. Haploid Unit 1—The 75. What is biology? The study of Life 76. All living things are made up of these? Cells 77. Water moves into a cell when placed in this type of solution? Hypotonic 78. Water moves out of a cell when placed in this type of solution? Hypertonic 79. Type of cellular transport requiring energy. Active Transport 80. Movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Diffusion 81. osmosis—diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane 82. This organelle manages cell functions in a eukaryotic cell. Nucleus 83. Three parts of the cell theory: 1. All organisms are made of cells 2. All cells come from preexisting cells 3. The cell is the basic unit in all living things 84. Prokaryotic cells—cells lacking a nucleus and have no membrane bound structures, such as bacteria. 85. Eukaryotic cells—cells which have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, such as plant and animal cells 86. Organelle found in plants that transforms light into energy—chloroplasts 87. In eukaryotic cells this structure maintains homeostasis by controlling what goes in and out of the cell—plasma membrane 88. In eukaryotic cells this cellular structure transforms energy into a source usable by the cell— mitochondria 89. Reproduction—the process where living things make more living things 90. Homeostasis—an organisms tendency to maintain a stable (balanced) internal environment.