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Chapter 18 - Classification
Vocab: taxonomy, binomial nomenclature, genus, taxon, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom,
phylogeny, evolutionary classification, derived character, cladogram, molecular clock, Bacteria,
Eubacteria, Archaea, Archaebacteria, Eukarya, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
18-1 Finding Order in Diversity
To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to
name organisms and group them in a logical manner.
________________ = field of biology that identifies and classifies living
organisms (________________________________________)
_____________________ – naming system started by ________________
 Two part scientific name using _________________
 First name is the _______________________________
 Second name is the _____________________________
 Used to avoid confusion of regional or common names
Hierarchical system includes seven levels (from broadest to most
specific)
To Remember:
Humans:
 _________
 _________
 Animalia
 _________
 _________
 Chordata
 _________
 _________
 Mammalia
 _________
 _________
 Primata
 _________
 _________
 Hominidae
 _________
 _________
 Homo
 _________
 _________
 sapiens
Linnaeus had two kingdoms in 1700s and we now have six.
18-2 Modern Evolutionary Classification
___________ = based upon those organisms that mate and have fertile
offspring
The larger taxa or groups are based upon observed characteristics
______________ = the study of evolutionary relationships
_________________________ = the grouping of organisms based upon
evolutionary history
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The higher the level of the taxon, ________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_______________ = diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships
based upon derived characteristic
The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the
molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help
determine classification and evolutionary relationships.
The more similar the DNA sequences of two species, _______________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
______________ = model that uses ___________ to mark time. This is a
complex process.
18-3 Kingdoms and Domains
Systems of classification adapt to new discoveries.
 Linneaus started with two kingdoms: Animalia and Plantae
 Microorganisms were found and 5 kingdoms were used
 Currently there are ______________________________________
Domain _____________
 Kingdom ___________: unicellular, prokaryotic, cell walls of
__________________, autotrophic and heterotrophic, aerobic and
anerobic
Domain _____________________
 Kingdom ________________: unicellular, prokaryotic, live in
_________________________ of heat, cold, salinity, cell walls
Domain ____________________________________ = eukaryotic
 Domain _________: has the greatest variety, most are unicellular
some multicellular algae, photosynthetic and heterotrophic,
_________________________________________________________
 Domain _____: heterotrophic, ______________________________
_________________, unicellular and multicellular
 Domain ___________: multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs,
nonmotile, __________________________
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 Domain ___________________: multicellular and heterotrophic,
most can move = motile, incredible diversity
Key concepts
 To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group
them in a logical manner.
 In binomial nomenclature, each species is assigned a two-part scientific name.
 Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels. They are – from smallest to
largest – species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.
 Organisms are now grouped into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or
phylogeny.
 The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level. Similarities in
DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships.
 The six-kingdom system of classification includes the kingdoms Eubacteria, Archaebacteria,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
 The three domains are the domain Eukarya, which is composed of protists, fungi, plants, and
animals; the domain Bacteria, which corresponds to the kingdom Eubactria; and the domain
Archaea, which corresponds to the kingdom Archaebacteria.
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