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NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science 91192 (2.6) — page 1 of 4 Question Two Expected Coverage A Giant Molecular Cloud formed where the Sun was formed at the centre where gravity was at a maximum. The rest of the mass formed a protoplanetary disk out of which the rest of the solar system bodies were formed such as planets, moons etc. The solar currents formed by the spinning disk mean that planets can form in different parts of the protoplanetary disk. Inner planets formed close to the location of the sun in the protoplanetary disk. They formed from compounds that had high melting points as this region was too hot for gaseous molecules like water and methane. The compounds they formed from (eg, metals [like iron, nickel, and aluminium] and rocky silicates) are relatively rare in the universe so the planets are small. The four inner planets typically: have solid surfaces and thin or no atmospheres have varied atmospheres ranging from no atmosphere (Mercury) to a thin atmosphere consisting mainly of nitrogen and oxygen (Earth) spin slowly compared to the outer planets have no or few moons (Earth has 1 moon, Mars – 2) have no rings orbiting them. Outer planets formed further away from the sun in the protoplanetary disk where conditions were cooler. This cool environment meant that volatile icy compounds could remain solid. There is an abundance of these compared to the high melting point compounds (metals and silicates) so the outer planets could grow big enough to capture hydrogen and helium (eg termed the gaseous giants). The four outer planets typically: are made up of gases largely, perhaps with a much smaller solid or liquid centre have similar atmospheres consisting mainly of hydrogen and helium, with methane present on Uranus and Neptune spin quickly Achievement Merit Describes the stages in the formation of moons and planets Explains the stages in the formation of moons and planets AND AND describes the relative sizes of the inner and outer planets explains the relative sizes of the inner and outer planets OR OR describes the composition or other features of the inner and outer planets explains the composition or other features of the inner and outer planets. Excellence Explains in detail the formation of, and the relative sizes, of the inner and outer planets, (and their moons) AND explains in detail the composition, and other features, of the inner and outer planets. NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science 91192 (2.6) — page 2 of 4 have numerous orbiting moons, eg 63 moons for Jupiter, 27 for Uranus all have orbiting rings of thin discs of rock and dust mainly, with Saturn’s ring the most visible. Not Achieved NØ No response; no relevant evidence. N1 States moons and planets formed in giant molecular cloud (GMC). N2 States moons and planets formed in GMC of dust and gas. Describes the stages in the formation of moons and planets AND A3 describes the relative sizes of the inner and outer planets OR describes the composition/other features of the inner and outer planets. Achievement Describes the stages in the formation of moons and planets AND A4 describes the relative sizes of the inner and outer planets AND describes the composition/other features of the inner and outer planets. Explains the stages in the formation of moons and planets AND M5 explains the relative sizes of the inner and outer planets (and their moons) OR explains the composition/other features of the inner and outer planets Merit Explains the stages in the formation of moons and planets AND M6 explains the relative sizes of the inner and outer planets AND explains the composition/other features of the inner and outer planets. Explains in detail the formation of, and the relative sizes, of the inner and outer planets E7 AND explains in detail the composition and other features of the inner and outer planets Explains in detail the formation of, and the relative sizes, of the inner and outer planets, (and their moons) Excellence E8 AND explains in detail the composition and other features of the inner and outer planets linked to the temperature at which they were formed. NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science 91192 (2.6) — page 3 of 4 Question Three Expected Coverage Red Giant: Luminosity – 10 – 100 x sun Temperature 2500 – 5000 K Spectral class G – M Achievement Describes the characteristics of red giants on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram OR White dwarf: Luminosity – 10 – 10 000 times dimmer than sun Temperature 7500 – 30 000K Spectral Class – O – F. describes the characteristics of white dwarfs on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Merit Excellence Explains how the characteristics of red giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Explains in detail how the characteristics of red giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram OR OR explains how the characteristics of white dwarfs are linked to their position on the HertzsprungRussell diagram. explains in detail how the characteristics of white dwarfs are linked to their position on the HertzsprungRussell diagram. Red giants are bright cool stars that have exhausted all the Hydrogen in their core. Gravity causes the core to contract and the outer layer of the star expands fusing Helium. This expansion increases the surface area of the star. Because of the increase in surface area the temperature of the surface is low compared to the high luminosity and the star sits in an area on the HR diagram that is unusual with high luminosity but low temperature. White Dwarfs are the leftover hot core of planetary nebula. They do not have any nuclear fuel so cool down over time. This core is extremely dense and so White Dwarfs have a low surface area and a high mass and a high temperature as the star has a small surface area that heat energy can be lost from. The position on the HR diagram shows its high surface temperature despite the fact it is a very dim star. Not Achieved Achievement NØ No response; no relevant evidence. N1 States AT LEAST ONE feature of BOTH star types. N2 States TWO features for ONE star but not the other. A3 Describes how the characteristics of red giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram OR describes how the characteristics of white giants are linked to their position on the NCEA Level 2 Earth and Space Science 91192 (2.6) — page 4 of 4 Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. A4 Describes how the characteristics of red giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram AND describes how the characteristics of white giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. M5 Explains how the characteristics of red giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram OR explains how the characteristics of white dwarfs are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Merit M6 Explains how the characteristics of red giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram in terms of surface area and temperature AND explains how the characteristics of white dwarfs are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram in terms of surface area and temperature. E7 Explains in detail how the characteristics of red giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram in terms of the stated properties eg gravity causing expansion of surface area and temperature OR explains in detail how the characteristics of white dwarfs are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram in terms of the stated properties eg fuel, surface area, and temperature. Excellence E8 Explains in detail how the characteristics of red giants are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram in terms of the stated properties eg gravity causing expansion of surface area and temperature AND explains in detail how the characteristics of white dwarfs are linked to their position on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram in terms of the stated properties eg fuel, surface area, and temperature.