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NOTE PACKET # 3
“EARTH IN THE
UNIVERSE”
NAME;
EARTH SCIENCE
PERIOD;
TOPIC 3; "ASTRONOMY" part 1 Earth in the Universe
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3.1)
Earth in the Universe
A celestial object is
Examples of celestial objects; largest to smallest
biggest
1)
2)
3)
4)
smallest
5)
1) The symbols below are used to represent different regions of space.
Which diagram shows the correct relationship between these four regions? [If one symbol is
within another symbol, that means it is part of, or included in, that symbol.]
2) Which sequence correctly lists the relative sizes from smallest to largest?
(1) our solar system, universe, Milky Way Galaxy
(2) our solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe
(3) Milky Way Galaxy, our solar system, universe
(4) Milky Way Galaxy, universe, our solar system
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AGE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM & UNIVERSE.
Universe (all space, all matter, all energy).
Age of the Earth is ………………………………….. (see ESRT p.
).
Age of the Earth is
b.y.a =
4,600,000,000 years
=
bya =
mya
Age of the Universe….. =
The universe is….
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3) What is the inferred age of our solar system, in millions of years?
(1) 544
(2) 1300
(3) 4600
(4) 10,000
4) The explosion associated with the Big Bang theory and the formation of the universe is
inferred to have occurred how many billion years ago?
(1) less than 1
(2) 2.5
(3) 4.6
(4) over 10
5) Which statement best describes the age of our solar system and the universe?
(1) The universe is at least twice as old as our solar system.
(2) Our solar system is at least twice as old as the universe.
(3) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 5 billion years old.
(4) Our solar system and the universe are estimated to be 10 billion years old.
ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE
Big Bang Theory
Big bang theory -
 All matter and energy started out

begins.
 The earliest atoms form (
and
 Matter clumps together to form stars and groups of stars (
).
).
 The Universe
Evidence for the Big Bang
1)
(
universe.
), that appears to be coming for all directions in the
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2)
 each element emits energy of a particular
.
 The wavelengths emitted by stars are shifted either toward the
(
wavelengths) or
(
wavelengths) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Each element produces a signature wavelength of electromagnetic energy.
However, when stars are examined these characteristic wavelengths are shifted.
shift occurs when the wavelengths are shifted towards shorter
wavelengths . (Stars are moving
)
shift occurs when the wavelengths are shifted towards the
longer wavelengths. (Stars are moving
)
See ESRT pg. ________
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This shifting of wavelengths is called the
effect.
Car horn example;
diagram
Almost all galaxies show
shift.
This means that the universe is
in all directions.
6) When viewed from Earth, the light from very distant galaxies shows a red shift. This is
evidence that these distant galaxies are
(1) revolving around the Sun
(2) revolving around the Milky Way
(3) moving away from Earth
(4) moving toward Earth
7) The diagram below shows the spectral lines for an element.
Which diagram best represents the spectral lines of this element when its light is observed
coming from a star that is moving away from Earth?
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8) Astronomers viewing light from distant galaxies observe a shift of spectral lines toward the
red end of the visible spectrum. This shift provides evidence that
(1) orbital velocities of stars are decreasing
(2) Earth’s atmosphere is warming
(3) the Sun is cooling
(4) the universe is expanding
Base your answers to questions 9 through 12 on the table below, which shows eight inferred
stages describing the formation of the universe from its beginning to the present time.
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9) How soon did protons and neutrons form after the beginning of the universe?
(1) 10–43 second
(2) 10–32 second
(3) 10–6 second
(4) 13.7 billion years
10) What is the most appropriate title for this table?
(1) The Big Bang Theory
(2) The Theory of Plate Tectonics
(3) The Law of Superposition
(4) The Laws of Planetary Motion
11) According to this table, the average temperature of the universe since stage 3 has
(1) decreased, only
(2) increased, only
(3) remained the same
(4) increased, then decreased
12) Between which two stages did our solar system form?
(1) 1 and 3
(2) 3 and 5
(3) 6 and 7
(4) 7 and 8
Base your answers to question 13 on the calendar model shown below of the inferred history of
the universe and on your knowledge of Earth science. The 12-month time line begins with the Big
Bang on January 1 and continues to the present time, which is represented by midnight on
December 31. Several inferred events and the relative times of their occurrence have been
placed in the appropriate locations on the time line.
13) State one piece of evidence used by scientists to support the theory that the Big Bang
event occurred.
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3.2)
Structure of the Universe
Galaxies
A
is a collection of billions of stars and various
amounts of gas and dust.
Our galaxy is
- shaped.
The name for our galaxy is the
Stars
A star is a large ball of
held together by
.
Energy Production in Stars
Most of the energy produced in stars results from
Nuclear fusion is the
to form the nuclei of larger elements.
of the nuclei of smaller elements
The sun converts
into
Nuclear fusion can only occur in extremely high
high
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and
conditions like those found in star interiors.
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The Luminosity and Temperature of Stars Diagram
See ESRT p._____
Luminosity of a star measures how
it would be.
Star Types
The sun is a
- sized star.
Main Sequence Stars
About 90 percent of studied stars are located in a broad band called the
.
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Star Origin and Evolution
Stars originate from
of
and dust.
causes these gas and dust clouds to clump up.
When the mass becomes large enough, gravitational contraction results in
high enough
and
nuclear
to start
.
Stars spend most of their lives as a
star.
Stars with masses similar to the sun eventually expand to become a
.
These stars use up most of their nuclear fuel collapse to form a
and eventually a
Stars with masses greater than the sun exist for much
periods of time.
These massive stars evolve into
eventually explode in a
and
event.
14) The star Algol is estimated to have approximately the same luminosity as the starAldebaran
and approximately the same temperature as the star Rigel. Algol is best classified as a
(1) main sequence star
(2) red giant star
(3) white dwarf star
(4) red dwarf star
15) The reaction below represents an energy-producing process.
The reaction represents how energy is produced
(1) in the Sun by fusion
(2) when water condenses in Earth’s atmosphere
(3) from the movement of crustal plates
(4) during nuclear decay
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16) Which process produces the energy that allows the stars of the universe to radiate visible
light?
(1) convection
(3) insolation
(2) nuclear fusion (4) radioactive decay
17) Which list shows stars in order of increasing temperature?
(1) Barnard’s Star, Polaris, Sirius, Rigel
(2) Aldebaran, the Sun, Rigel, Procyon B
(3) Rigel, Polaris, Aldebaran, Barnard’s Star
(4) Procyon B, Alpha Centauri, Polaris, Betelgeuse
18) Compared with our Sun, the star Betelgeuse is
(1) smaller, hotter, and less luminous
(2) smaller, cooler, and more luminous
(3) larger, hotter, and less luminous
(4) larger, cooler, and more luminous
19) Compared to other groups of stars, the group that has relatively low luminosities and
relatively low temperatures is the
(1) Red Dwarfs
(3) Red Giants
(2) White Dwarfs (4) Blue Supergiants
Base your answers to question 20 and 21 on the star chart below, which shows part of the
winter sky visible from New York State. Some of the brighter stars are labeled and the
constellation Orion is outlined.
20) Identify the color of the star
Bellatrix, which has a surface
temperature of approximately 21,000°C.
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21) In the space provided, list the stars, other than Bellatrix, found on the chart in order of
decreasing luminosity. Rigel, the most luminous star, has been listed.
22) Compared to the surface temperature and luminosity of massive stars in the Main
Sequence, the smaller stars in the Main Sequence are
(1) hotter and less luminous
(2) hotter and more luminous
(3) cooler and less luminous
(4) cooler and more luminous
3.3)
The Solar System
Our solar system is
and all objects that
the sun under its gravitational influence.
Parts of the Solar System
About 99% of the mass of our solar system is contained in the
A satellite is any object that
around another object.
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Asteroids.
An asteroid is a solid
independently orbits the sun.
and/or metallic body that
A large percentage of known asteroids are in orbits between
and
.
Base your answers to questions 23 through 26 on the passage and diagram below. The diagram
shows the orbits of the four inner planets and the asteroid Hermes around the Sun. Point A
represents a position along Hermes’ orbit.
The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes
It’s dogma [accepted belief] now: an asteroid hit Earth 65 million years ago and wiped out the
dinosaurs. But in 1980 when scientists Walter and Luis Alvarez first suggested the idea to a gathering
at the American Association for Advancement of Sciences, their listeners were skeptical. Asteroids
hitting Earth? Wiping out species? It seemed incredible.
At that very moment, unknown to the audience, an asteroid named Hermes halfway between
Mars and Jupiter was beginning a long plunge toward our planet. Six months later it would pass
300,000 miles from Earth’s orbit, only a little more than the distance to the Moon….
Hermes approaches Earth’s orbit twice every 777 days. Usually our planet is far away when
the orbit crossing happens, but in 1937, 1942, 1954, 1974 and 1986, Hermes came harrowingly
[dangerously] close to Earth itself. We know about most of these encounters only because Lowell
Observatory astronomer Brian Skiff rediscovered Hermes on Oct. 15, 2003. Astronomers around the
world have been tracking it carefully ever since.…
Excerpted from “The Curious Tale of Asteroid Hermes,” Dr. Tony Phillips, Science @ NASA,
November 3, 2003.
23) When Hermes is located at position A and
Earth is in the position shown in the diagram, the
asteroid can be viewed from Earth at each of the
following times except
(1) sunrise
(2) sunset
(3) 12 noon
(4) 12 midnight
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24) How does the period of revolution of Hermes compare to the period of revolution of the
planets shown in the diagram?
(1) Hermes has a longer period of revolution than Mercury, but a shorter period of
revolution than Venus, Earth, and Mars.
(2) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than Mercury, but a longer period of
revolution than Venus, Earth, and Mars.
(3) Hermes has a longer period of revolution than all of the planets shown.
(4) Hermes has a shorter period of revolution than all of the planets shown.
25) Why is evidence of asteroids striking Earth so difficult to find?
(1) Asteroids are made mostly of frozen water and gases and are vaporized on impact.
(2) Asteroids are not large enough to leave impact craters.
(3) Asteroids do not travel fast enough to create impact craters.
(4) Weathering, erosion, and deposition on Earth have destroyed or buried most impact
craters.
26) According to the diagram, as Hermes and the planets revolve around the Sun, Hermes
appears to be a threat to collide with
(1) Earth, only
(2) Earth and Mars, only
(3) Venus, Earth, and Mars, only
(4) Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
Moons.
A moon is a body that orbits a
or asteroid.
Comets.
A comet is often compared to a
found along a road that has just been sanded.
TOPIC 3; "ASTRONOMY" part 1 Earth in the Universe
made from
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Meteoroids.
Very small solid fragments that orbit the sun are called
When meteoroids burn up or vaporize, they leave a brief visual streak as
they pass through Earth’s atmosphere and are called
If a meteoroid survives its trip through Earth’s atmosphere and lands on
Earth’s surface, it is called a
Some meteorites have sufficient mass to create a depression in Earth’s
crust called an
Evolution of the Solar System.
Our solar system started to form approximately
At first there was a
concentrations.
years ago.
cloud.
caused the cloud to condense into one or more mass
The planets, asteroids, and moons with solid surfaces bear witness to impact
events in the form of
Impact events have also been linked to
and
mass
Gravitational contraction of the planets and larger moons produced
Heat caused the newly formed planets and moons to largely
As a result, these bodies became
the
into zones based on
of their various elements and compounds.
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Base your answers to questions 27 and 28 on the diagram below, which shows an inferred
sequence in which our solar system formed from a giant interstellar cloud of gas and debris.
Stage A shows the collapse of the gas cloud, stage B shows its flattening, and stage C shows the
sequence that led to the formation of planets.
27) From stage B to stage C, the young Sun was created
(1) when gravity caused the center of the cloud to contract
(2) when gravity caused heavy dust particles to split apart
(3) by outgassing from the spinning interstellar cloud
(4) by outgassing from Earth’s interior
28) After the young Sun formed, the disk of gas and dust
(1) became spherical in shape
(2) formed a central bulge
3.4 a)
(3) became larger in diameter
(4) eventually formed into planets
Planet Characteristics
A planet’s
characteristics.
from the sun has a major effect on its
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The high temperature and pressure from particles emitted by the sun drove
away
elements and compounds away
from the
solar system.
Differences in the inner and outer solar system provide characteristics that allow
the planets to be classified into the inner
planets and outer
planets.
Terrestrial Planet Propeties
to the sun.
mostly
relatively
diameters and
moons and
density.
rings.
Jovian Planet Properties
from the sun.
largely
diameters and
have
TOPIC 3; "ASTRONOMY" part 1 Earth in the Universe
moons and have
densities.
.
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ESRT p15; Solar System Data.
29) Which planet is located approximately ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is from
the Sun?
(1) Mars
(3) Saturn
(2) Jupiter (4) Uranus
30) Which planet is located approximately ten times farther from the Sun than Earth is from
the Sun?
(1) Mars
(3) Saturn
(2) Jupiter (4) Uranus
31) Compared to the terrestrial planets, the Jovian planets are
(1) smaller and have lower densities
(2) smaller and have greater densities
(3) larger and have lower densities
(4) larger and have greater densities
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32) Which pair of shaded circles best represents the relative sizes of Earth and Venus when
drawn to scale?
32) Which object in our solar system has the greatest density?
(1) Jupiter
(2) Earth
(3) the Moon
(4) the Sun
33) Which event takes the most time?
(1) one revolution of Earth around the Sun
(2) one revolution of Venus around the Sun
(3) one rotation of the Moon on its axis
(4) one rotation of Venus on its axis
34) Compared to the Jovian planets in our solar system, Earth is
(1) less dense and closer to the Sun
(2) less dense and farther from the Sun
(3) more dense and closer to the Sun
(4) more dense and farther from the Sun
35) Which object is closest to Earth?
(1) the Sun (3) the Moon
(2) Venus
(4) Mars
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3.4b)
Motions of the Planets
The planets have many different motions. They…
 move with the
system around the
galaxy.

or spin around an imaginary axis.

around the sun in an
.
Planet Rotation
Planets spin on an imaginary axis in a motion called
The
is the amount of time it
takes for a planet to make one spin around its imaginary axis and
determines the length of a planets
Planet Revolution
A planet’s
a path called an
Earth’s orbit is an
is its movement around the sun in
.
shape called an
Within the ellipse are two fixed points called
The
distance across an ellipse.
TOPIC 3; "ASTRONOMY" part 1 Earth in the Universe
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.
of an ellipse is the longest straight-line
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Eccentricity of Planet Orbits
The degree of flattening or “ovalness” of an ellipse is measured by its
.
Write the formula for eccentricity;
As the foci of an ellipse are brought closer together, the ellipse becomes
more like a
and the eccentricity
towards
.
diagram;
36) The diagram below represents the elliptical orbit of a moon revolving around a planet. The
foci of this orbit are the points labeled F1 and F2.
What is the approximate eccentricity of this
elliptical orbit?
(1) 0.3
(3) 0.7
(2) 0.5
(4) 1.4
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37) The diagram below is a constructed ellipse. F1 and F2 are the foci of the ellipse.
The eccentricity of this constructed ellipse is
closest to the eccentricity of the orbit of
which planet?
(Calculate eccentricity and then compare to
planet data in ESRT)
(1) Mercury
(2) Earth
(3) Saturn
(4) Neptune
38) Which bar graph correctly shows the orbital eccentricity of the planets in our solar
system?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
39) The diagram below shows the elliptical orbit of a planet revolving around a star. The star
and F2 are the foci of this ellipse.
What is the approximate eccentricity of this ellipse?
(1) 0.22
(3) 0.68
(2) 0.47
(4) 1.47
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40) Which planet’s orbit around the Sun is most nearly circular?
(1) Mercury
(2) Neptune
3.4c)
(3) Pluto
(4) Venus
Varing Distance of Planets From the Sun
The elliptical shape of planetary orbits causes the planets to vary in
from the sun.
Earth is closest to the sun on or about
Earth is farthest away from the sun on or about
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Inertia, Gravitation, Orbital Velocity/Speed, and
Planet Orbits
Inertia is the concept that an object at
at
will tend to remain
and that an object in motion will
the direction and speed of that motion unless an opposing force affects it.
Gravitation is the
objects in the universe.
force that exist between any two
The greater the mass of one or both objects, the
gravitational attraction there is between the objects.
Diagram;
Also the closer together two objects are, the
gravitational attraction between them.
the
Diagram;
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Since each planet's orbit has some
from the sun varies during its yearly revolution.
When a planet is
, its distance
to the sun, its orbital speed velocity is
.
When a planet is farthest from the sun its orbital speed velocity is
Diagram;
The period of revolution of a planet
The period of revolution is related to the planet's
from the
.
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The closer a planet is to the sun…
the
the
its orbit,
revolution,
its period of
and the
speed of revolution.
The further a planet is to the sun…
the
its orbit,
the
its
A
revolution,
its period of
and the
speed of revolution.
its
B
41) One factor responsible for the strength of gravitational attraction between a planet and
the Sun is the
(1) degree of tilt of the planet’s axis
(2) distance between the planet and the Sun
(3) planet’s period of rotation
(4) amount of insolation given off by the Sun
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Base your answers to questions 42 through 43 on the diagram in your answer booklet. The
diagram shows the positions of Halley’s Comet and Asteroid 134340 at various times in their
orbits. Specific orbital positions are shown for certain years.
42) Determine which was traveling faster, Halley’s Comet or the asteroid, between the years
1903 and 1908. State one reason for your choice.
43) Explain why Halley’s Comet is considered to be part of our solar system.
44) The diagram below shows a satellite in four different positions as it revolves around a
planet.
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Which graph best represents the changes in this satellite’s orbital velocity as it revolves around
the planet?
Base your answers to questions 45 through 49 on the two diagrams in your answer booklet.
Diagram I shows the orbits of the four inner planets. Black dots in diagram I show the positions
in the orbits where each planet is closest to the Sun. Diagram II shows the orbits of the six
planets that are farthest from the Sun. The distance scale in diagram II is different than the
distance scale in diagram I.
45) On diagram I, place the letter W on Mars’ orbit to represent the position of Mars where
the Sun’s gravitational force on Mars would be weakest.
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46) On diagram II, circle the names of the two largest Jovian planets.
47) How long does it take the planet Uranus to complete one orbit around the Sun? Units must
be included in your answer.
48) Describe how the orbits of each of the nine planets are similar in shape.
49) Pluto’s orbital speed is usually slower than Neptune’s orbital speed. Based on diagram II,
explain why Pluto’s orbital speed is sometimes faster than Neptune’s orbital speed.
That’s all folks!!!
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