Download US History Fall Review 2010

US History Fall Review 2010
Important Details to Know:
Scientific evidence indicates the earliest Americans probably came from Asia.
Tobacco was the South’s first successful cash crop.
New England did not develop cash crops because the soil was ill suited to cash crops.
Most of the Southern white population did not own slaves.
Prices of many products in the United States fell as the US became an industrialized
nation.
The North experienced an economic boom because of the Civil War.
Jim Crow laws enforced segregation.
The fugitive slave act required ordinary citizens to help capture runaway slaves.
The Era of Good Feelings referred to the wave of nationalism during the presidency of
James Monroe.
John Adams argued that government needed “checks and balances” to prevent any one
branch of the government from becoming too powerful.
Some African Americans earned their freedom fighting during the Civil War.
Laissez-faire advocates support low tariffs.
The Chinese Exclusion Act prevented Chinese people already in the US from becoming
citizens.
The Virginia Plan proposed scrapping the Articles of Confederation entirely and creating
a new national government.
The Great Compromise proposed that in the Senate, each state would have equal
representation.
The Puritans were people who wanted to “purify” the Anglican Church of all Catholic
elements.
Southerners believed that the Constitution gave them the right to retrieve an enslaved
person who fled across state lines.
As the Civil War began, President Lincoln’s goal was to preserve the Union, even if it
meant allowing slavery to continue.
Christopher Columbus was not the first Europeans to arrive in the Americas.
Social Darwinist believed the government should not play a role in solving society’s
problems.
Greenbacks were paper money that could not be exchanged for gold or silver coins.
During the Panic of 1893, many government bondholders cashed in their bonds for gold,
reducing government gold reserves to a dangerously low level.
The rise of Southern industry did not keep pace with the spread of cotton plantations
across the South.
The continent of America was named after an explorer named Amerigo.
With the Pendleton Act, the federal government had begun a shift away from the spoils
system.
The major advantage the Spanish had over the Native Americans in Mexico was guns.
Social Darwinists justified expanding American power overseas by suggesting that
nations competed with each other, and only the strongest would survive.
Puerto Rico is now a territory of the US and not an independent country.
Theodore Roosevelt was a sickly child, born to a wealthy New York family.
Southern Colonies developed and economy based on agriculture.
To many English settlers in the late 1600’s, enslaving Africans was acceptable at first
because the Africans were not Christians.
John Locke asserted that all people were born with the right to life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness.
The first Skirmish of the French and Indian War occurred because both the French and
the British wanted the Ohio River valley.
Southern leaders showed little interest in abolishing slavery because they South relied
heavily on slavery to sustain it’s economy.
The steamboat was a huge improvement over barges because it could travel upstream.
The introduction of food canning was important because cans prevented food from
spoiling.
In 1816 legislation gave the Second Bank of the United States the power to issue notes as
a national currency.
The last amendment in the Bill of Rights states that any powers not given to the federal
government are reserved for the states.
Frances Scott Key wrote the “Star Bangled Banner” after the bombardment of Fort
McHenry.
The Whig Party advocated expanding the federal government.
Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play.
The Know-Nothings were anti-Catholic and nativist.
At the Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton proposed gaining the right to
vote.
To receive a pardon under Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan, Southerners had to take an oath
of loyalty to the United States and accept the Unions proclamations concerning slavery.
Shortly after Gen. McClellan’s victory at Antietam, Lincoln fired him because him
because could have destroyed Gen. Lee’s army, but he let the Confederates slip away
Lincoln’s plan for Reconstruction called for reconciling with the South.
Reconstruction ended when Hayes was elected.
Before the invention of the automobile, petroleum was in high demand because it could
be turned into kerosene.
Laissez-faire relies on supply and demand to regulate prices.
Economies of scale resulted in lower prices and lower costs.
Because of a shortage of workers in California, the Central Pacific Railroad hired
workers from China.
In the Credit Mobilier scandal, railroad investors got rich by paying inflated bills from a
construction company they controlled.
By the 1890’s, more than half of all immigrants in the US were eastern and southern
Europeans.
Many labor unions opposed immigration, arguing that most immigrants would work for
low wages.
William Tweed was a corrupt party in a political machine.
Nativists wanted to limit immigration.
Tammany Hall was a political machine led by William Tweed.
The Sherman Anti-trust Act was not very effective initially because the courts were
responsible for reinforcement.
Unlike the North, segregation in the South was enforced by law.
In the late 1800’s, support grew in the US for building a large modern navy to avoid
being shut out of foreign markets.
The US caused an economic crisis in Cuba by withdrawing American investments.
The purpose of the Open Door policy in China was to ensure trading rights for all
nations.
According to the treaty that ended the Spanish-American War, the US would free Cuba,
and annex Guam and Puerto Rico.
In 1898, President McKinley sent the battleship Maine to Havana to evacuate Americans
if necessary.
Radiocarbon dating-allows scientists to determine how old objects are.
Treaty of Tordesillas-confirmed Spain’s claims to the new lands of America.
Great Awakening-revival of religious feeling in the 1700’s
Albany Plan of Union-proposed that colonies join together
Three-fifth’s Compromise-indicated that every five enslaved people in a state would
count as three free persons
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom-declared that the state could not collect taxes
from their members.
Tariff of 1816-nurtured American manufacturers by taxing.
Manifest Destiny-the belief that the nation was meant to spread all the way to the Pacific
Cotton Gin-invention by Eli Whitney that allowed cotton seeds to be removed
mechanically instead of by hand.
Whilmot Proviso-prohibited slavery in any territory gained from Mexico
Harriet Tubman-conductor on the Underground Railroad
Emancipation Proclamation-decreed freedom for all enslaved people in the states at war
with the Union.
Anaconda Plan-battle plan of the Union that included a quick invasion of Richmond
Hardtack-type of biscuit made with wheat flower
Thirteenth amendment-banned slavery
Scalawags-White Southerners who supported Reconstruction
Placer mining-method of mining that allowed prospectors to extract shallow deposits of
ore
Chisolm Trail-trail used by cowboys to drive cattle to a railroad for sale,
Homestead Act-allowed homesteaders to gain a title to land upon which they had lived
for five years.
Dawes Act-attempted to help Native Americans by selling land and building a trust of
money for them.
Dime novels-contained the exaggerated tales of daring as told by cowboys
Shutout-a technique for breaking a union in which the company refused to allow the
workers on the property and refused to pay them.
Gospel of Wealth-the philosophy that wealthy Americans bore the responsibility of using
their great fortunes to further social progress.
In big cities like Chicago in the 1800s, saloons functioned like community centers and
political centers for male workers.
Individualism-the idea that no matter how humble your origins, you can rise as far as
your talents and commitment will take you.
Cincinnati Red Stockings-very first salaried baseball team in the US
Mugwumps-Republican reformers who supported Grover Cleveland for President.
Pendleton Act- allowed people to gain government jobs according to their performance
on examinations.
McKinley Tariff-created a national budget deficit
Granger Laws-limited railroad rates and were passed mostly in Western states