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Topic #8 – Civil War: Stem 1 – Causes for the Civil War Sectionalism: 1) States’ Rights - North supported the interests of the federal government - South believed in authority of the states - Reason for the difference: - Southern states were quickly losing political power at the federal level to the anti-slavery North because their booming population gave them more representation in the House of Representatives and the electoral college. - This leads to problems over issues like the tariff issue. In 1828, the northern manufacturing facilities received protection when Congress instituted a large tariff. This hurt the Southerners that now had to pay higher prices for goods. South Carolina, under the leadership of John Calhoun, wrote the Issuance of Nullification, proclaiming the states authority to nullify federal law and to secede if they wanted to. Northerners disagreed with this while many Southern states agreed with South Carolina’s position. 2) Slavery - Started with 3/5 Compromise - Missouri Compromise of 1820: fight over representation in the Senate, had to create one slave state (Missouri) and one free state (Maine). Also created the 36 30 parallel, stating that all territories north of the line would be free and all those south would allow slavery - Compromise of 1850: Gave the Northerners another free state (California), but gave the South the authority to chase down escaped slaves with the Fugitive Slave Act. Also allowed territories to determine for themselves if they would be free or allow slavery. This is called popular sovereignty. - Dred Scott Case: Complicated matters more because the Supreme Court said that according to the Constitution, slaves were property and that the government could not take a citizen’s property without compensation - Final problem – Election of 1860 – Lincoln, an abolitionist, is elected to be President Stem 2 – Plans for Reconstruction - Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction - The most lenient - According to the Constitution, secession is not allowed; therefore, the Southern states never really left the Union. - Re-admittance to the Union should be fast and painless - Pardon all Southerners except high ranking Confederate officials - Have 10% of the state’s population swear an oath to adhere to the Constitution, then that will be enough to allow the state to fully rejoin the Union - Not enacted because of his assassination in April 1865 - Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction - Similar to Lincoln’s plan - Pardons all Southerners except high ranking Confederate officials and rich Southerners - States must disown all war debt - States must ratify the 13th Amendment - Not enacted because of fierce resistance by Radical Republicans and his impeachment in 1868. - Radical Republican’s Plan (Congress’ Plan) - Series of Acts that focused on two major issues: 1) punishing the white Confederates 2) protecting the civil liberties of freed slaves - Included the creation of 5 military districts throughout the entire South, except Tennessee - Stripped Confederate officials of their political rights - Forced the re-writing of state constitutions by whites and blacks - Required Southern states to ratify the 14th Amendment and to allow for black suffrage Stem 3 – How was the entire problem of Reconstruction resolved? - Compromise of 1877: Gives the Republicans the presidency with the disputed election of Rutherford B. Hayes, but requires the federal government to appoint a Southern Democrat to the cabinet, to end the martial law in the South, and to fund more development programs in the South. - The years of Reconstruction (1865 – 1877) had some positive and negative effects on the South: Positive: provided for a short lived freedom for African Americans in the South when the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were ratified; development of Southern industries; reunited the Union; creation of schools for blacks Negative: Rights of freedmen were quickly stripped away with the passage of Jim Crow laws, Black Codes, and the existence of hate groups like the KKK. Southern white resentment of the North and the Republican Party; Racism in North and South; Economically speaking, the African Americans were just as bad off after slavery as during slavery