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Grade 9 Astronomy Investigation 13-C “Planet Database” Page 446 Question 3 (a – e) #3(a) In months, Mercury’s orbital is about 3 months (0.24 x 12 = 2.88) #3(b) Distance from Sun for each gas giant Jupiter (5.27AU x 150 million km) = 790.5 million km (790 500 000 km) Saturn (9.54AU x 150 mill. km) = 1.43 billion km (1 431 000 000 km) Uranus (19.19AU x 150 mill. km) = 2.88 billion km (2 878 500 000 km) Neptune (30.06AU x 150 mill. km) = 4.5 billion km (4 509 000 000 km) #3(c) Jupiter’s diameter is approximately 143 000 km (11.25 x 12 750 km = 143 437.5) #3(d) It takes Saturn about 10½ hours to do one rotation. (0.44 x 24 = 10.56 hours) * 10.56 does not equal 10 hrs. 56 minutes #3(e) From the chart, the smallest celestial body is Pluto (0.002 Earth masses) Analyze Questions #1 – 7 Page 447 1. The planets most unlike the Earth are the gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn …) They are unlike in all regards, Composition (made of gas) Size (much larger than Earth) distance from Sun (much further away) Temperature (much colder) (other reasons…?) 2. The planet(s) most similar to Earth is…. Venus or Mars It is similar because….. 3. There is a pattern to the surface temperatures of the planets. Generally, the closest to the Sun are the warmest, and the temperature drops as you move away. The exception is Venus, which is warmer than Mercury. 4. We would not be able to survive on Venus because… 5. The main difference between the inner planets, and the outer planets is… 6. Venus has a higher surface temperature than Mercury because… The Soviets have spent considerable time and money in an attempt to get to Venus: Venera A (1961) Crashed shortly after take-off Venera 1 (1961) Lost contact shortly after leaving Earth orbit Venera 2 (1965) Lost contact 7 days after leaving Earth orbit Venera 3 – 4 (1966 – 1967) First set of man-made objects to crash into Venus. Limited data on atmospheric pressure and wind speed is transmitted before the last crash. Venera 5 – 6 (1968 – 1969) Fail to leave Earth orbit Realizing the ships would be crushed long before reaching the surface, the Soviets massively overbuilt the next set to ensure survival. Venera 7 (1970) Parachute fails to fully open and crashes into the surface at 70km/h. All scientific instruments refuse to work except for temperature indicator (892oF). Contact is lost after 23 minutes. Venera 8 (1972) First successful landing on Venus. Data transmitted for 50 minutes. Soviets kick themselves for not including a camera on board. Venera 9 (1975) Two cameras on board for stereoscopic images. One camera refuses to work (lens cap doesn’t come off) First black and white images sent from the surface of Venus. Craft fails after 53 minutes. Venera 10 (1975) Lands, but the lens-cap doesn’t come off Venera 11 (1978) Lands, but the lens-cap doesn’t come off Venera 12 (1978) Lands, but the lens-cap doesn’t come off Venera 13 (1981) Lands…. The lens cap successfully comes off! Unfortunately, it lands precisely on the area which was targeted by the soil probe. The multi-million dollar spacecraft sends back data on the compressibility of a titanium lens cap. Sends back the first (and only) coloured images from the surface of Venus. Shortly after, the Soviets decide to stop sending spacecraft to Venus. 7. a) The data shows a clear pattern in the planets: the inner and outer planets are quite different from each other. Planets further away are much more massive than the inner planets, have a longer year, colder temperatures, are composed of gas, and many more moons. b) There are no other “planets” beyond Pluto. All bodies discovered beyond Pluto are all very similar in many respects to Pluto.