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OUTLINE
CHAPTER 10: A NEW CIVILIZATION EMERGES IN WESTERN EUROPE
I.
II.
The Postclassical Period
i. Trade
ii. Middle Ages
iii. Spread of religious beliefs
b. Two Images
i. Muslim view of Europeans
ii. Thomas Aquinas
Stages of Postclassical Development
a. Center
i. France, the low countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg)
b. Vikings
c. The Manorial System
i. Manorialism
ii. Serfdom
1. Agricultural equipment
a. Moldboard
2. Production
a. Three-field system
3. Ownership of land and houses
d. The Church: Political and Spiritual Power
i. Hierarchy
1. Pope
2. Bishops
3. Local priests
ii. Papal responsibility
1. Regulated doctrine
2. Sponsored extensive missionary activity
a. England
b. Germany
c. Scandinavia
iii. Germanic Kings
1. Clovis
a. Converted to Christianity in 496
b. Gave him superiority over Franks
iv. Monasteries
1. Benedict of Nursia
e. Charlemagne and His Successors
i. Carolingians (took over after Merovingians)
1. named after Charles Martel (Latin) (Charles the Hammer)
a. Battle of Tours (732)
ii. Charlemagne (Charles the Great) (800)
1. Church based education
2. Death and split of empire
a. France
b. Germany
c. Low countries/Switzerland/Northern Italy
iii. Regional monarchies develop
1. Languages begin to develop
iv. Holy Roman Emperors
f. New Economic and Urban Vigor
i. Agricultural techniques
ii. Horse collar and stirrups
iii. Vikings
iv. Population growth due to many reasons
1. led to new markets
2. serfs gain some independence
3. Urbanization
a. Literacy
b. Entertainment
c. Hospitals
v. Education and Universities
g. Feudal Monarchies and Political Advances
i. Feudalism
1. Greater lord has vassals
a. Vassals owe greater lord military service, goods, etc
2. Strong central states impossible, but less local fighting
ii. France begins royal line (10th century) under Capetians
1. Use feudalism to their benefit
iii. Duke of Normandy (Viking) aka William the Conqueror invades England in 1066
1. Sheriffs
h. Limited Government
i. Church limited politics
ii. Aristocratic families lose some power to Kings – wanted to reverse this tide
1. Magna Carta (Great Charter) signed by King John
iii. Creation of Parliaments
1. First English Parliament in 1265
a. House of Lords
b. House of Commons
2. Represented the Three Estates
iv. Was not democracy; no modern sense of citizenship
v. Hundred Years War
i. The West’s Expansionist Impulse
i. Population boom
ii. Moved into eastern Germany, Poland, Muslim Spain (reconquest from 10th century to
1492)
iii. Beginning to sail the Atlantic
1. Vikings to Canada (1000) Leif Eriksson
iv. Crusades
1. Pope Urban II (1095)
2. Third Crusade
a. Richard the Lionheart
b. Saladin
3. Impact of Crusades on Middle East?
4. Impact of Crusades on the West?
j. Religious Reform and Evolution
i. Priests as Feudal Lords?
ii. Franciscan devotion
iii. Order of Saint Clare
iv. Pope Gregory VII
1. Celibacy
2. Investiture and excommunication of the Emperor
III.
IV.
V.
a. Church superior to the state
k. The High Middle Ages
i. 12th and 13th centuries
Western Culture in the Postclassical Era
a. Theology: Assimilating Faith and Reason
i. Some believed Church teachings and human reason could be merged
1. Peter Abelard
ii. Others believed that reason was dangerous; faith alone can receive God’s truth
1. Bernard of Clairvaux
iii. Islam having the same issues
iv. Universities begin having debates
v. Teachings from Ancient Greece/Hellenistic philosophy/the Middle East
vi. Scholasticism
1. human reason
2. Thomas Aquinas
vii. Advances in medicine (eyeglasses)
b. Popular Religion
i. People follow Church rituals; yet possibly not Church morality
ii. Veneration of Mary begins to spread
c. Religious Themes in Art and Literature
i. Painters used religious themes almost exclusively
ii. Stained glass and scenes for churches important
iii. Gothic Architecture
1. Notre-Dame Cathedral
iv. Vernacular (popular languages) begin to be written in
1. Helps to spread the vernacular
2. English: Beowulf
3. French: The Song of Roland
4. Chaucer’s: Canterbury Tales
Changing Economic and Social Forms in the Postclassical Centuries
a. Trade in Western Europe
b. New Strains in Rural Life
i. Serfs gaining some freedom
ii. Noble lords, military obligations, and trade
1. battles with peasants for less taxation and land rights
c. Growth of Trade and Banking
i. Spearheaded by Italy
ii. Capitalism and Christianity
iii. Commerce in Europe
iv. Hanseatic Leagues and the rising merchant class
v. Guilds
d. Limited Sphere for Women
i. Church roles and Familial Roles
ii. Contrast to Islam
The Decline of the Medieval Synthesis
i. Hundred Years War and new paid armies
ii. Black Death
b. Signs of Strain
i. Aristocracy moved from militaristic to chivalry
ii. Church begins to lose some hold
c. The Postclassical West and Its Heritage
i. Characterized by both lulls and growth, and relationships with other regions of the world