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The Important Book about Earth, Rocks and Soil By: Noshaba Afzal The top layer of the earth is the Crust made of mostly soil and rocks. Smaller rocks come from the breakage and weathering of larger rocks. The second layer is the Mantle made of hot rocks and metals. Geologists believe the Core is made of a solid ball of metal. Sedimentary rocks have many layers. They are formed under lakes and oceans. They are made by small pieces of plants, rocks, and dead animal fossils over thousands of years. Scientists learn about the past history of the Earth by studying fossils. Sandstone and Limestone are examples of sedimentary rock. The word metamorphic means “change.” Heat, time, and pressure of magma rock layers change rocks into metamorphic rocks. Both igneous and sedimentary rocks can become metamorphic rocks. Granite rock changes to Gneiss, Shale into Slate, Sandstone to Quartzite. Igneous rocks are made from melted rocks called magma. Sometimes magma squeezes up between the layers of rock, hardens, and forms underground. When magma comes to the surface it is called lava. Pumice and Obsidian are examples of igneous rocks. Native Americans used Obsidian to make arrowheads and tools. Rocks are made from different physical properties and are composed of minerals. Soil is made partly from weathered rock and partly from organic materials. Soils differ in their color, texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support the growth of many kinds of plants. Rocks, water, plants, and soil found on Earth, provide many resources including food, fuel, and building materials that humans use. The important thing about the Earth is that it is made of materials that have distinct properties and provide resources for human activity. However, the important thing about the Earth is that it is made of materials that have distinct properties and provide resources for human activity.