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Chapter 11 Rome: Republic to Empire Lesson 1: The Founding of Rome Name _______________________ I. The Beginning of Rome A. Geography 1) Italy is a _____________________ in the ______________________ Sea and is shaped like a ________: the heel points toward _________________. The toe points toward the island of Sicily. 2) The __________ cross the top of Italy and separate it from the rest of Europe. 3) Rome’s ___________________ was conducive in promoting ______________ and ______________________ with other lands and the eventual _________________ of those lands. 4) Rome’s narrow, peninsular configuration ___________________ the ability of opposing land forces to operate and the _________________________ Sea provided an effective _______________ against ____________________. 5) Italy has a _________ climate, rich soil, and large, flat plains that make good farmland. 6) Rome was built along the ____________ _____________ about 15 miles from the Mediterranean Sea. 7) The river could be used for fresh water, ______________________, and the _______________ of goods; and its location meant that sea-going pirates could not attack the city. 8) Rome's geography was a critical component in its __________________, because the Alps Mountains provided ______________________ from the north. B. Early Settlers 1) ___________________, which run through the mountains, helped link people from different parts of early Italy; they could trade ideas and goods with each other. 2) Between 2000 B.C. and 1000 B.C., groups of people settled in the hills and on the plains; these people included the ______________ , who tended herds and grew crops on Rome’s hills. Their community developed into Rome. 3) The people living there became known as the _________________. II. The Greeks and Etruscans A. The Greeks 1) Roman history does not just involve the Latins. Around 800 B.C. the ______________ and the ___________________ came to Italy. 2) The Greeks built many colonies in Italy between 750 B.C. and 500 B.C. and taught the Romans how to grow _______________ and ______________ and to use the Greek ___________________. The Romans also copied Greek sculpture and other __________. 3) Greek influences on Rome: Growing _______________ and grapes, the __________________, and art. B. The Etruscans 1) The role of the ______________________ in the early development of Roman government is very important. The Etruscans came from the area _______________ of Rome. 2) After conquering the village of Rome, the wealthy Etruscan family, known as the ________________, established a ________________________ (undivided rule by a single person) that reigned over it for more than a century. Under Tarquin rule, Rome began to ____________ in wealth and power. 3) Many Etruscans were rich _________________ and ________________; others were devoted to art, and created jewelry, tools, and weapons. 4) The Etruscans taught the Romans how to____________ temples, _______________, and public squares. 5) The Etruscans introduced _______________ and short cloaks: a toga is like a sheet wrapped around your body, with one end over your ____________________. 6) The Etruscans showed the Romans how an _______________ could be more __________________. 7) Etruscan influences on Rome were: ____________________, roads, clothing, and an _____________. Rome Lesson 1 (page 2) Name _____________________________ III. Becoming a Republic A. The Change from Monarchy 1) The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than _________ years. 2) The people benefited from Etruscan _______________ and ______________, but they got tired of Etruscan rulers. 3) Eventually the Romans rebelled and overthrew their king because of increasingly cruel treatment of the people. 4) In place of a monarchy, the Romans established a _____________________ in 509 B.C. 5) A republic is a form of government in which ______________ _______________ their leaders. 6) Rome was still a small city when it became a republic, and had enemies all around it. 7) Over the next ___________ years, Rome fought many wars, and by 267 B.C., the Romans had taken over the Greek colonies in what is now known as ______________. By then, the Romans ruled almost the entire Italian peninsula. B. The Roman Army Maintains Control 1) The Roman _____________________ grew because of its ______________ ___________, as Roman soldiers were well trained. 2) At the beginning of the republic, _______________ _____________ citizen who ______________ _______ had to join the army. Men who ran away, or deserted the army, were killed. This turned Romans into ______________________ ______________________. 3) The Romans also thought of a better way to organize their army-instead of using a phalanx. Instead, the Roman generals divided their armies into groups of soldiers called _____________________. 4) Each legion had about 6,000 men. Legions were broken into even ________________ groups of 60 or 120 men. 5) These small groups could move very _____________________ in battle. 6) Roman soldiers used a short sword called a gladius and an iron spear called a _________________. 7) Each group also had a __________________. A standard was a tall ____________ with a ________________ on top—sometimes an eagle or other animal. 8) One soldier would hold up the standard so others could see it. This helped the group stay _____________________ during battle. 9) They built military ________________ in every region they conquered. Then they built ____________ between these towns. The Romans learned how to build structures that carried flowing water to cities, called _____________________________ that were designed to supply fresh water to cities. Many aqueducts and roads built by the Romans are still functional today, a testament to their engineering expertise. Also, the Romans used _________________ in their buildings, bridges, and aqueducts. 10) Soon their armies could travel quickly across the land. The Romans believed they needed to treat conquered people ________________, and they stressed that people would become ______________ to Rome. C. The Republic Expands 1) The Romans created the ________________ __________________________. It gave some conquered people full Roman ______________________: they could vote and be in the government. 2) The Romans made other people _______________: allies could run their own towns, but they had to pay ____________________ to Rome. Allies also had to fight in Rome’s armies. With these procedures, the Romans hoped to keep _____________________ . 3) The Roman republic grew ________________________ and lasted almost ________ ______________ years, during which time it continued to grow more powerful through extensive ____________ and ____________________. 4) The combination of these political and cultural features allowed Rome to enjoy a time of peace, prosperity, and expansion culminating in the _____ _____________, or “Roman Peace.”