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The Middle Ages Chapter 1: Things Fall Apart 1 barbarian vandalism Odoacer A.D. 476 empire nomadic “All roads lead to Rome” “Rome wasn’t built in a day” 2 Angles Saxons Huns Gaul Goths Ostrogoths Visigoths Bleda 3 halo Ukraine Russia Kazakhstan steppes notorious savage Danube Vocabulary Words barbarian- Greek word for someone who spoke no Greek. vandalism- word used to describe acts of destruction; comes from a barbarian tribe known as the Vandals. Odoacer- German king who killed the last emperor of Rome. A.D. 476- date given as the official end of the Western Roman Empire. empire- group of nations ruled by an emperor. nomadic- moving from place to place. “All roads lead to Rome”- means that roads from all over Europe led to Rome. “Rome wasn’t built in a day”- means that it takes a long time to accomplish a big task. Chapter 1: Things Fall Apart 1. During the glory days of the Roman Empire, many roads in Europe led to Rome. 2. Roads allowed messages to be sent to and from Rome, supported trade, and helped soldiers enforce laws. 3. During the 200’s, Roman generals began fighting with each other to gain control of the empire. 4. The warring generals spent money and time on their private battles, and did not protect the empire or its roads. 5. Trade declined, the roads fell into disrepair, and Rome became a target for many barbarian tribes. The Middle Ages 6. The Angles and Saxons drove the Romans out of England, and the Goths and Vandals sacked Rome itself. 7. Another tribe, known as the Huns began moving west from Asia. 8. Attila, the Hun leader, defeated the Romans many times, and eventually planned to attack the city of Rome. 9. Pope Leo I, the bishop of Rome, rode out to meet with Attila. 10.Attila thought he saw a halo around Pope Leo’s head. Fearing that Leo had magical powers, Attila decided to spare Rome. 11.At one point the Roman Empire was split into two parts: a. Western Roman Empire- centered in Rome b. Eastern Roman Empire- centered in Constantinople 12.In 476, a German king attacked Rome, and killed the last emperor. This date is accepted as the fall of the Western Roman Empire. The Middle Ages Chapter 2: The Not-So-Dark Ages 1 aqueduct Dark Ages Middle Ages law and order 2 Visigoths Ostrogoths Czech Republic Hungary Mediterranean Pyrenees Portugal 3 collapsed ceased barbarians society preserved artisans Renaissance aqueduct- structure built by the Romans to carry water. Dark Ages- period from 500-800 A.D.; people forgot things leaned by Greeks and Romans. Middle Ages- period from 500 to 1500 A.D. law and order- state where rules are obeyed and laws enforced; the people are safe. Chapter 2: The Not-So-Dark Ages 1. For many people, daily life went unchanged after Rome fell (476). 2. Many barbarian tribes kept Roman laws and customs in place. 3. Eventually, change did occur, as roads fell into disrepair, and trade dried up. 4. Cities got smaller, and most people survived by farming or soldiering. 5. Because there was no need for architecture or ship-building, people forgot how to do those things. 6. Renaissance scholars looked down on the period from 500-800, and referred to this time as the “Dark Ages”. 7. Eventually, the barbarian tribes that had conquered Rome spread out into different regions. 8. This spread resulted in some of the nations we know today. 9. The Visigoth tribes gradually formed France and Spain. 10.The Angles and the Saxons formed “Angle-Land”, which is now called “England”. The Middle Ages Chapter 3: Two Churches 1 Pope papa Roman Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Rome Constantinople 1054 emperor bishop 2 Alexandria Antioch Jerusalem Byzantium Istanbul Latin heirs Constantine 3 Bulgarians Serbs Syrians Egyptians Byzantine Empire Germanic Vocabulary Words Pope- leader of the Roman Catholic Church papa- means “father”. emperor- ruler of an empire. bishop- title given to the leaders of the Christian Church. Roman Catholic Church- Church led by the pope; centered in Rome Eastern Orthodox Church- Church led by the bishop of Constantinople; centered in Istanbul Rome - center of the Roman Catholic Church Constantinople- center of the Eastern Orthodox Church (now called Istanbul) 1054- Year the Christian church split; Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches were formed Chapter 3: Two Churches 1. As the power of the Roman emperor was fading, the power of the bishop was growing. 2. After the emperor was gone, the bishop held power in Rome. 3. Pope Leo, the bishop of Rome, felt that he had power over all the Christians churches in the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. 4. Leo felt that his power came directly from Jesus, through St. Peter, who was the first bishop of Rome. 5. Leo referred to himself as papa, or father. This term is now called pope. The Middle Ages 6. The bishops of Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem all felt that they were leaders of the Christian church as well. 7. Because of differences such as culture and language, the eastern churches were more Greek than Roman, and did not have much in common with the bishop of Rome. 8. Also, Eastern bishops ruled in a cooperative manner, whereas the Western Church was ruled by one man. 9. The bishop of Rome demanded that the Eastern bishops accept his authority over the entire Christian Church, but they refused. 10.After some major disagreements, the two churches separated in 1054. a. Roman Catholic Church- centered in Rome b. Eastern Orthodox Church- centered in Constantinople The Middle Ages Chapter 4: Prayer and Work 1 monastery Bennet Monte Cassino monk abbot convent The Rule of Saint Benedict 800 A.D. fasting self-sufficient shared schedule 2 Benedict Nursia isolated hermits scholarly Vocabulary Words monastery- a community of monks Bennet- an Italian monk who urged other monks to find God in useful work Monte Cassino- the name of Benedict’s monastery monk- man devoted to a religious lifestyle. abbot- leader of a monastery convent- a community of nuns The Rule of Saint Benedict- book written by Benedict which outlined the rules to be enforced in a monastery 800 A.D. - The year monks began putting spaces and punctuation into books fasting- practice of not eating for a religious purpose. self-sufficient- able to care for and sustain oneself. shared schedule- a community that does the same things at the same times. Chapter 4: Prayer and Work 1. Bennet was a young man who gave up life in Rome to live as a monk. 2. He lived as a hermit, and spent three years praying in a cave. 3. Bennet changed his name to Benedict. 4. Benedict eventually felt that monks should spend their time in service to others, not in solitary prayer. 5. This idea angered the monks in his monastery, so Benedict left, and began his own monastery, called Monte Cassino. The Middle Ages 6. Benedict wrote The Rule of Saint Benedict, which listed rules for monks to follow. 7. Some of these rules were: a. work hard. b. monks followed a shared schedule. c. during meals, monks sat at assigned places and did not speak. 8. Other monasteries and convents began applying Benedict’s rules. 9. Monks had three work periods: a. prayer- 6 hours b. working- 6 hours c. studying- 4 hours 10. European monasteries and convents began sending missionaries to other places to spread the word of God. a. Saint Patrick- went to Ireland b. Saint Augustine- went to Britain c. Saint Boniface- went to Germany 11. They also set up libraries, where important texts were preserved by recopying them. 12.In the year 800, monks began putting spaces between words, adding punctuation marks, and lower-case letters 13.Most people in the Middle Ages did not read, and they learned by watching and doing. The Middle Ages Chapter 5: Charlemagne 1 Charlemagne Franks Moors Holy Roman Empire Aachen scabbard 2 Rhine River Rhone River Oder River Switzerland Belgium Luxembourg Lombards Bavarians Hapsburg Muslims 3 Czech Republic Austria Baltic Sea reliable appealed Einhard Vocabulary Words Charlemagne- Nickname for Frankish king Charles; means “Charles the Great” Franks – Tribe ruled by Charles; lived along the Rhine River in Germany Moors- European name for Muslims Holy Roman Empire- Eventual name for Charlemagne’s kingdom Aachen- Charlemagne’s capital in present-day Northwestern Germany scabbard- a case for a sword. Chapter 5: Charlemagne 1. Charles was king of the Franks in the late 700’s. 2. Charles was 6’ 31/2” tall, and towered over the men of his day. 3. Charles’ greatest talents were in managing and organizing people. 4. His goals were to spread Christianity, and to foster learning and culture among his people. 5. Eventually, he was called “Charlemagne”, which means “Charles the Great”. 6. Charlemagne was a friend of Pope Leo III, who had been attacked in Rome. 7. Charlemagne helped the pope, and sent an army to punish his attackers. 8. On Christmas day, 800 A.D., Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope. This accomplished three things: a. gave the Romans an emperor for the first time since 476 b. gave Charlemagne the blessing of the pope c. established the pope’s authority over an emperor 9. Charlemagne improved life in his kingdom through communications, better roads, management, and fairer laws. 10.Charlemagne died in 814. The Middle Ages 11.Charlemagne’s people originally spoke German, but eventually began to speak what is now called French. 12.Charlemagne’s empire eventually came to be called the Holy Roman Empire; it stretched from present-day France all the way to Eastern Europe and Greece. 13.In the 1200’s, the Hapsburg family took control over the empire. The Middle Ages Chapter 6: A Feudal Society 1 feudalism vassal fief knight nobility homage duke duchy count county hereditary 2 society oaths loathe bestowing Vocabulary Words feudalism- system of government where land is exchanged for loyalty and services vassal- person who receives land from a ruler and in return promises aid fief- piece of land exchanged for loyalty to a ruler knight- military servant to a king or other feudal superior nobility- the important people of the Roman Empire, and later, the kingdoms of Europe. homage- French word for “honor” or “respect.” duke- ruler of a duchy. duchy- large area of land given to a vassal. count- ruler of a county. county- also a large area of land given to a vassal. hereditary- lands or titles passed from father to son. Chapter 6: A Feudal Society 1. In the Middle Ages, the important people were those who controlled land. 2. Feudalism appeared first in France, and spread to other kingdoms. This arose because kings needed warriors to fight for them. 3. The kings would give land (fief) to a fighter (or lord) in exchange for his loyalty and services. 4. The fighter would become a vassal, and he would swear an oath (promise) to defend his lord. 5. The ceremony would be performed in a church, and sealed by a priest. The Middle Ages 6. The new lord (vassal) would then divide up his lands among other people, who would become his vassals. 7. Knights were military servants, skilled in battle. 8. Individual lords made laws for their own territories, and laws would often be different in different fiefs. 9. Over time, the lands granted to a lord would become hereditary, and the land would pass down from father to son. The Middle Ages Chapter 7: To the Manor Born 1 Manor self-sufficient serf Three-Field System fallow 2 feudal voluntary holiday cooperation Vocabulary Words Manor- estate over which the lord had control; also the name for the lord’s house self-sufficient- able to care for and sustain oneself. Serf- farm worker bound to live and labor on his lord’s land Three-Field System-farming system where the manor’s farmland was divided into three parts; one planted in spring, one planted in fall, and one left fallow Fallow- unplanted Chapter 7: To the Manor Born 1. Each lord lived in a castle or manor house, surrounded by the lands he was given as his fief. 2. The manor estate was like a small village, with the workers producing nearly everything needed to survive. 3. The farm worker on the estate was called a serf. 4. Many serfs lived their entire lives on the manor estate, never leaving their lord’s lands. 5. The manor lord had responsibilities to serfs, such as providing protection from attackers, and keeping law and order. 6. In exchange, serfs worked the land for the lord, usually three days a week, but sometimes more. 7. Serfs also had to provide other services, such as general repairs, caring for visiting guests, and defense of the manor, as these were violent times. 8. Feudal estates used the Three-Field System, which kept the land from being overworked. 9. Crops were rotated each year, which allowed the soil to keep renewing itself. 10.Cooperation was important on a manor estate, as no one could survive without help from others. The Middle Ages 11.The residents from the manor came together on holy days, which came to be called holidays. Serfs and lords alike would feast, play games and celebrate together. The Middle Ages Chapter 8: Life in a Castle 1 moat keep jester Great Hall siege siege towers battering ram cannons 2 flaming arrows drawbridge hearth tapestries 3 Portugal Vocabulary Words moat- water barrier surrounding a castle keep- center of a castle; contained stables, workshops, ovens, a kitchen, and storerooms with grain and food jester- person responsible for entertaining the lords and ladies. Great Hall- the largest inside room in a castle; used for sleeping, meals, and gatherings siege- prolonged attack on a castle by an enemy army siege towers- mobile structures used for gaining access to a castle over its walls. battering ram- huge log that was banged against the castle’s doors in order to break them open. cannon- weapon that brought the age of castles to an end Chapter 8: Life in a Castle 1. Castles existed throughout Europe. 2. Castles were mainly fortresses, designed to defend lords and their manors from attack. 3. Castles were originally built of wood, but because they could be easily burned, they eventually came to be constructed of stone. This began around the year 1000 A.D. 4. Since castles were used for defense, they were usually built on high ground, with a moat often surrounding the high walls. 5. The center of a castle was called the keep. 6. The keep would contain all the necessary items to sustain the castle during an attack. The Middle Ages 7. A siege was a long-lasting attack on a castle. It was designed so that no food, weapons, or supplies could reach the people inside. 8. Attackers would use siege towers, battering rams, and flaming arrows to gain victory. 9. Eventually, the people inside would run out of food and supplies, and surrender. 10.Most castles were cold, drafty, and dirty. 11.The Great Hall was the largest inside room in a castle, where gatherings and feasting took place. 12.The lord and lady might have a bed in the corner of the Great Hall, but anyone else slept on the floor. 13.Castles were a good defense against foot soldiers and arrows, but the invention of the cannon brought the age of castles to an end. The Middle Ages Chapter 9: Days of a Knight 1 pageboy squire knight overlord chain mail tournament jousting Code of Chivalry troubadour minstrels 2 nobleman courteous dub Vocabulary Words pageboy- first stage of knighthood; seven or eight years old squire- second stage of knighthood; 12 years old knight- final stage of knighthood; 16-20 years old overlord- person to whom the knight swore loyalty chain mail- armor made of small rings of metal tournament- staged battle fought by knights for money or honor; no killing jousting- competition where a lance is used to knock an opposing knight off his horse. Code of Chivalry- a set of rules for knights troubadour- A person who composed poems set to music minstrels- traveling musicians who sang the songs composed by troubadours. Chapter 9: Days of a Knight 1. Most knights were the sons of noblemen; however, a poor man could become a knight if he showed great skill in battle. 2. The stages of knighthood were: a. pageboy- 7 or 8 b. squire- 12 c. knight- 16 through 20 3. A page would serve the overlord, learning the manners of a nobleman. The Middle Ages 4. When a page was about 12, he would become a personal servant to a knight, or a squire. 5. The squire was responsible for taking care of the knight’s armor, weapons, and helping him onto his horse. 6. A squire was knighted in a solemn ceremony; afterward, he would be presented with his armor and weapons. 7. Armor changed over the years. a. chain mail- weighed 25 lbs. b. suits of armor- began around 1400; weighed around 65 lbs. c. shields often had family crests painted on them 8. During peacetime, knights held tournaments to stay in shape. 9. Jousting was a sport where two mounted knights would try to unseat each other with lances. 10.To control the knights, lords invented the Code of Chivalry, which was a set of rules for knights to follow. 11.The Code required knights to be generous, courteous, loyal, honorable, and fair. 12.Knights showed courtly love to ladies, and performed brave acts to win their favor. 13.Troubadours were traveling musicians who composed long poems about courtly lovers, set to music, and performed them to any who would pay to listen. 14.Knights were fearsome on the battlefield, but, like castles, were brought down by cannons and bullets. 15.Knighthood is still awarded today, but is usually given to famous people, or to those who have made great accomplishments. The Middle Ages Chapter 10: A Serf and His Turf 1 freedmen holiday 2 majority bandits jugglers magicians troubadours minstrels serfdom Vocabulary Words freedmen- Christian men who had been slaves, but were freed because the Church opposed enslaving Christians. holiday- comes from the words “holy days”, which were part of the medieval calendar Chapter 10: A Serf and His Turf 1. The Church opposed enslaving Christians; many slaves were freed, and were called freedmen. 2. Even though freedmen were no longer slaves, they were still could not buy land, or protect themselves from enemies. 3. They placed themselves under the protection of a feudal lord, and became serfs. 4. Essentially, serfs traded their freedom for security. 5. Serfs were “tied” to the land, and were at the bottom of the social structure. They made up a large majority of feudal society. 6. If the land a serf worked changed ownership, the serf “belonged” to the new lord. 7. Serfs worked the land for the lord. They gave most of what they made to the lord. Unlike slaves, serfs were allowed to keep what was left over. 8. Serfs led hard lives. They often only had one set of clothes, and nothing with which to wash. They were frequently dirty and caked with mud. 9. A serf’s house was made of earth with a frame of wood. The walls were made of mud and straw. 10.Serfs slept on the floor (ground). There was no fireplace, and their animals lived with them. 11.Serfs spent their days plowing, planting, harvesting, and even making wine. 12.Women cared for the children, made cloth, tended the vegetable garden, and took care of the smaller animals. 13.The only “fun” days the serfs had were holidays. The entire manor would celebrate with dancing, feasting, and tournaments. There were about 100 “holy days” each year. The Middle Ages