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The Middle Ages
Chapter 1: Things Fall Apart
1
barbarian
vandalism
Odoacer
A.D. 476
empire
nomadic
“All roads lead
to Rome”
“Rome wasn’t
built in a day”
2
Angles
Saxons
Huns
Gaul
Goths
Ostrogoths
Visigoths
Bleda
3
halo
Ukraine
Russia
Kazakhstan
steppes
notorious
savage
Danube
Vocabulary Words
barbarian- Greek word for someone who spoke no Greek.
vandalism- word used to describe acts of destruction; comes from a barbarian tribe known
as the Vandals.
Odoacer- German king who killed the last emperor of Rome.
A.D. 476- date given as the official end of the Western Roman Empire.
empire- group of nations ruled by an emperor.
nomadic- moving from place to place.
“All roads lead to Rome”- means that roads from all over Europe led to Rome.
“Rome wasn’t built in a day”- means that it takes a long time to accomplish a big task.
Chapter 1: Things Fall Apart
1. During the glory days of the Roman Empire, many roads in Europe led to Rome.
2. Roads allowed messages to be sent to and from Rome, supported trade, and helped
soldiers enforce laws.
3. During the 200’s, Roman generals began fighting with each other to gain control of the
empire.
4. The warring generals spent money and time on their private battles, and did not protect
the empire or its roads.
5. Trade declined, the roads fell into disrepair, and Rome became a target for many
barbarian tribes.
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6. The Angles and Saxons drove the Romans out of England, and the Goths and Vandals
sacked Rome itself.
7. Another tribe, known as the Huns began moving west from Asia.
8. Attila, the Hun leader, defeated the Romans many times, and eventually planned to
attack the city of Rome.
9. Pope Leo I, the bishop of Rome, rode out to meet with Attila.
10.Attila thought he saw a halo around Pope Leo’s head. Fearing that Leo had magical
powers, Attila decided to spare Rome.
11.At one point the Roman Empire was split into two parts:
a. Western Roman Empire- centered in Rome
b. Eastern Roman Empire- centered in Constantinople
12.In 476, a German king attacked Rome, and killed the last emperor. This date is
accepted as the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The Middle Ages
Chapter 2: The Not-So-Dark Ages
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aqueduct
Dark Ages
Middle Ages
law and order
2
Visigoths
Ostrogoths
Czech Republic
Hungary
Mediterranean
Pyrenees
Portugal
3
collapsed
ceased
barbarians
society
preserved
artisans
Renaissance
aqueduct- structure built by the Romans to carry water.
Dark Ages- period from 500-800 A.D.; people forgot things leaned by Greeks and
Romans.
Middle Ages- period from 500 to 1500 A.D.
law and order- state where rules are obeyed and laws enforced; the people are safe.
Chapter 2: The Not-So-Dark Ages
1. For many people, daily life went unchanged after Rome fell (476).
2. Many barbarian tribes kept Roman laws and customs in place.
3. Eventually, change did occur, as roads fell into disrepair, and trade dried up.
4. Cities got smaller, and most people survived by farming or soldiering.
5. Because there was no need for architecture or ship-building, people forgot how to do
those things.
6. Renaissance scholars looked down on the period from 500-800, and referred to this
time as the “Dark Ages”.
7. Eventually, the barbarian tribes that had conquered Rome spread out into different
regions.
8. This spread resulted in some of the nations we know today.
9. The Visigoth tribes gradually formed France and Spain.
10.The Angles and the Saxons formed “Angle-Land”, which is now called “England”.
The Middle Ages
Chapter 3: Two Churches
1
Pope
papa
Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Rome
Constantinople
1054
emperor
bishop
2
Alexandria
Antioch
Jerusalem
Byzantium
Istanbul
Latin
heirs
Constantine
3
Bulgarians
Serbs
Syrians
Egyptians
Byzantine Empire
Germanic
Vocabulary Words
Pope- leader of the Roman Catholic Church
papa- means “father”.
emperor- ruler of an empire.
bishop- title given to the leaders of the Christian Church.
Roman Catholic Church- Church led by the pope; centered in Rome
Eastern Orthodox Church- Church led by the bishop of Constantinople; centered in
Istanbul
Rome - center of the Roman Catholic Church
Constantinople- center of the Eastern Orthodox Church (now called Istanbul)
1054- Year the Christian church split; Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches
were formed
Chapter 3: Two Churches
1. As the power of the Roman emperor was fading, the power of the bishop was growing.
2. After the emperor was gone, the bishop held power in Rome.
3. Pope Leo, the bishop of Rome, felt that he had power over all the Christians churches
in the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.
4. Leo felt that his power came directly from Jesus, through St. Peter, who was the first
bishop of Rome.
5. Leo referred to himself as papa, or father. This term is now called pope.
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6. The bishops of Constantinople, Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalem all felt that they
were leaders of the Christian church as well.
7. Because of differences such as culture and language, the eastern churches were more
Greek than Roman, and did not have much in common with the bishop of Rome.
8. Also, Eastern bishops ruled in a cooperative manner, whereas the Western Church was
ruled by one man.
9. The bishop of Rome demanded that the Eastern bishops accept his authority over the
entire Christian Church, but they refused.
10.After some major disagreements, the two churches separated in 1054.
a. Roman Catholic Church- centered in Rome
b. Eastern Orthodox Church- centered in Constantinople
The Middle Ages
Chapter 4: Prayer and Work
1
monastery
Bennet
Monte Cassino
monk
abbot
convent
The Rule of Saint Benedict
800 A.D.
fasting
self-sufficient
shared schedule
2
Benedict
Nursia
isolated
hermits
scholarly
Vocabulary Words
monastery- a community of monks
Bennet- an Italian monk who urged other monks to find God in useful work
Monte Cassino- the name of Benedict’s monastery
monk- man devoted to a religious lifestyle.
abbot- leader of a monastery
convent- a community of nuns
The Rule of Saint Benedict- book written by Benedict which outlined the rules to be
enforced in a monastery
800 A.D. - The year monks began putting spaces and punctuation into books
fasting- practice of not eating for a religious purpose.
self-sufficient- able to care for and sustain oneself.
shared schedule- a community that does the same things at the same times.
Chapter 4: Prayer and Work
1. Bennet was a young man who gave up life in Rome to live as a monk.
2. He lived as a hermit, and spent three years praying in a cave.
3. Bennet changed his name to Benedict.
4. Benedict eventually felt that monks should spend their time in service to others, not in
solitary prayer.
5. This idea angered the monks in his monastery, so Benedict left, and began his own
monastery, called Monte Cassino.
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6. Benedict wrote The Rule of Saint Benedict, which listed rules for monks to follow.
7. Some of these rules were:
a. work hard.
b. monks followed a shared schedule.
c. during meals, monks sat at assigned places and did not speak.
8. Other monasteries and convents began applying Benedict’s rules.
9. Monks had three work periods:
a. prayer- 6 hours
b. working- 6 hours
c. studying- 4 hours
10. European monasteries and convents began sending missionaries to other places to
spread the word of God.
a. Saint Patrick- went to Ireland
b. Saint Augustine- went to Britain
c. Saint Boniface- went to Germany
11. They also set up libraries, where important texts were preserved by recopying them.
12.In the year 800, monks began putting spaces between words, adding punctuation marks,
and lower-case letters
13.Most people in the Middle Ages did not read, and they learned by watching and doing.
The Middle Ages
Chapter 5: Charlemagne
1
Charlemagne
Franks
Moors
Holy Roman Empire
Aachen
scabbard
2
Rhine River
Rhone River
Oder River
Switzerland
Belgium
Luxembourg
Lombards
Bavarians
Hapsburg
Muslims
3
Czech Republic
Austria
Baltic Sea
reliable
appealed
Einhard
Vocabulary Words
Charlemagne- Nickname for Frankish king Charles; means “Charles the Great”
Franks – Tribe ruled by Charles; lived along the Rhine River in Germany
Moors- European name for Muslims
Holy Roman Empire- Eventual name for Charlemagne’s kingdom
Aachen- Charlemagne’s capital in present-day Northwestern Germany
scabbard- a case for a sword.
Chapter 5: Charlemagne
1. Charles was king of the Franks in the late 700’s.
2. Charles was 6’ 31/2” tall, and towered over the men of his day.
3. Charles’ greatest talents were in managing and organizing people.
4. His goals were to spread Christianity, and to foster learning and culture among his
people.
5. Eventually, he was called “Charlemagne”, which means “Charles the Great”.
6. Charlemagne was a friend of Pope Leo III, who had been attacked in Rome.
7. Charlemagne helped the pope, and sent an army to punish his attackers.
8. On Christmas day, 800 A.D., Charlemagne was crowned emperor by the pope. This
accomplished three things:
a. gave the Romans an emperor for the first time since 476
b. gave Charlemagne the blessing of the pope
c. established the pope’s authority over an emperor
9. Charlemagne improved life in his kingdom through communications, better roads,
management, and fairer laws.
10.Charlemagne died in 814.
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11.Charlemagne’s people originally spoke German, but eventually began to speak what is
now called French.
12.Charlemagne’s empire eventually came to be called the Holy Roman Empire; it
stretched from present-day France all the way to Eastern Europe and Greece.
13.In the 1200’s, the Hapsburg family took control over the empire.
The Middle Ages
Chapter 6: A Feudal Society
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feudalism
vassal
fief
knight
nobility
homage
duke
duchy
count
county
hereditary
2
society
oaths
loathe
bestowing
Vocabulary Words
feudalism- system of government where land is exchanged for loyalty and services
vassal- person who receives land from a ruler and in return promises aid
fief- piece of land exchanged for loyalty to a ruler
knight- military servant to a king or other feudal superior
nobility- the important people of the Roman Empire, and later, the kingdoms of Europe.
homage- French word for “honor” or “respect.”
duke- ruler of a duchy.
duchy- large area of land given to a vassal.
count- ruler of a county.
county- also a large area of land given to a vassal.
hereditary- lands or titles passed from father to son.
Chapter 6: A Feudal Society
1. In the Middle Ages, the important people were those who controlled land.
2. Feudalism appeared first in France, and spread to other kingdoms. This arose because
kings needed warriors to fight for them.
3. The kings would give land (fief) to a fighter (or lord) in exchange for his loyalty and
services.
4. The fighter would become a vassal, and he would swear an oath (promise) to defend his
lord.
5. The ceremony would be performed in a church, and sealed by a priest.
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6. The new lord (vassal) would then divide up his lands among other people, who would
become his vassals.
7. Knights were military servants, skilled in battle.
8. Individual lords made laws for their own territories, and laws would often be different
in different fiefs.
9. Over time, the lands granted to a lord would become hereditary, and the land would
pass down from father to son.
The Middle Ages
Chapter 7: To the Manor Born
1
Manor
self-sufficient
serf
Three-Field System
fallow
2
feudal
voluntary
holiday
cooperation
Vocabulary Words
Manor- estate over which the lord had control; also the name for the lord’s house
self-sufficient- able to care for and sustain oneself.
Serf- farm worker bound to live and labor on his lord’s land
Three-Field System-farming system where the manor’s farmland was divided into three
parts; one planted in spring, one planted in fall, and one left fallow
Fallow- unplanted
Chapter 7: To the Manor Born
1. Each lord lived in a castle or manor house, surrounded by the lands he was given as
his fief.
2. The manor estate was like a small village, with the workers producing nearly
everything needed to survive.
3. The farm worker on the estate was called a serf.
4. Many serfs lived their entire lives on the manor estate, never leaving their lord’s
lands.
5. The manor lord had responsibilities to serfs, such as providing protection from
attackers, and keeping law and order.
6. In exchange, serfs worked the land for the lord, usually three days a week, but
sometimes more.
7. Serfs also had to provide other services, such as general repairs, caring for visiting
guests, and defense of the manor, as these were violent times.
8. Feudal estates used the Three-Field System, which kept the land from being overworked.
9. Crops were rotated each year, which allowed the soil to keep renewing itself.
10.Cooperation was important on a manor estate, as no one could survive without help
from others.
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11.The residents from the manor came together on holy days, which came to be called
holidays. Serfs and lords alike would feast, play games and celebrate together.
The Middle Ages
Chapter 8: Life in a Castle
1
moat
keep
jester
Great Hall
siege
siege towers
battering ram
cannons
2
flaming arrows
drawbridge
hearth
tapestries
3
Portugal
Vocabulary Words
moat- water barrier surrounding a castle
keep- center of a castle; contained stables, workshops, ovens, a kitchen, and storerooms
with grain and food
jester- person responsible for entertaining the lords and ladies.
Great Hall- the largest inside room in a castle; used for sleeping, meals, and gatherings
siege- prolonged attack on a castle by an enemy army
siege towers- mobile structures used for gaining access to a castle over its walls.
battering ram- huge log that was banged against the castle’s doors in order to break them
open.
cannon- weapon that brought the age of castles to an end
Chapter 8: Life in a Castle
1. Castles existed throughout Europe.
2. Castles were mainly fortresses, designed to defend lords and their manors from
attack.
3. Castles were originally built of wood, but because they could be easily burned, they
eventually came to be constructed of stone. This began around the year 1000 A.D.
4. Since castles were used for defense, they were usually built on high ground, with a
moat often surrounding the high walls.
5. The center of a castle was called the keep.
6. The keep would contain all the necessary items to sustain the castle during an attack.
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7. A siege was a long-lasting attack on a castle. It was designed so that no food,
weapons, or supplies could reach the people inside.
8. Attackers would use siege towers, battering rams, and flaming arrows to gain
victory.
9. Eventually, the people inside would run out of food and supplies, and surrender.
10.Most castles were cold, drafty, and dirty.
11.The Great Hall was the largest inside room in a castle, where gatherings and feasting
took place.
12.The lord and lady might have a bed in the corner of the Great Hall, but anyone else
slept on the floor.
13.Castles were a good defense against foot soldiers and arrows, but the invention of
the cannon brought the age of castles to an end.
The Middle Ages
Chapter 9: Days of a Knight
1
pageboy
squire
knight
overlord
chain mail
tournament
jousting
Code of Chivalry
troubadour
minstrels
2
nobleman
courteous
dub
Vocabulary Words
pageboy- first stage of knighthood; seven or eight years old
squire- second stage of knighthood; 12 years old
knight- final stage of knighthood; 16-20 years old
overlord- person to whom the knight swore loyalty
chain mail- armor made of small rings of metal
tournament- staged battle fought by knights for money or honor; no killing
jousting- competition where a lance is used to knock an opposing knight off his horse.
Code of Chivalry- a set of rules for knights
troubadour- A person who composed poems set to music
minstrels- traveling musicians who sang the songs composed by troubadours.
Chapter 9: Days of a Knight
1. Most knights were the sons of noblemen; however, a poor man could become a
knight if he showed great skill in battle.
2. The stages of knighthood were:
a. pageboy- 7 or 8
b. squire- 12
c. knight- 16 through 20
3. A page would serve the overlord, learning the manners of a nobleman.
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4. When a page was about 12, he would become a personal servant to a knight, or a
squire.
5. The squire was responsible for taking care of the knight’s armor, weapons, and
helping him onto his horse.
6. A squire was knighted in a solemn ceremony; afterward, he would be presented with
his armor and weapons.
7. Armor changed over the years.
a. chain mail- weighed 25 lbs.
b. suits of armor- began around 1400; weighed around 65 lbs.
c. shields often had family crests painted on them
8. During peacetime, knights held tournaments to stay in shape.
9. Jousting was a sport where two mounted knights would try to unseat each other with
lances.
10.To control the knights, lords invented the Code of Chivalry, which was a set of rules
for knights to follow.
11.The Code required knights to be generous, courteous, loyal, honorable, and fair.
12.Knights showed courtly love to ladies, and performed brave acts to win their favor.
13.Troubadours were traveling musicians who composed long poems about courtly
lovers, set to music, and performed them to any who would pay to listen.
14.Knights were fearsome on the battlefield, but, like castles, were brought down by
cannons and bullets.
15.Knighthood is still awarded today, but is usually given to famous people, or to those
who have made great accomplishments.
The Middle Ages
Chapter 10: A Serf and His Turf
1
freedmen
holiday
2
majority
bandits
jugglers
magicians
troubadours
minstrels
serfdom
Vocabulary Words
freedmen- Christian men who had been slaves, but were freed because the Church
opposed enslaving Christians.
holiday- comes from the words “holy days”, which were part of the medieval calendar
Chapter 10: A Serf and His Turf
1. The Church opposed enslaving Christians; many slaves were freed, and were called
freedmen.
2. Even though freedmen were no longer slaves, they were still could not buy land, or
protect themselves from enemies.
3. They placed themselves under the protection of a feudal lord, and became serfs.
4. Essentially, serfs traded their freedom for security.
5. Serfs were “tied” to the land, and were at the bottom of the social structure. They
made up a large majority of feudal society.
6. If the land a serf worked changed ownership, the serf “belonged” to the new lord.
7. Serfs worked the land for the lord. They gave most of what they made to the lord.
Unlike slaves, serfs were allowed to keep what was left over.
8. Serfs led hard lives. They often only had one set of clothes, and nothing with which
to wash. They were frequently dirty and caked with mud.
9. A serf’s house was made of earth with a frame of wood. The walls were made of
mud and straw.
10.Serfs slept on the floor (ground). There was no fireplace, and their animals lived
with them.
11.Serfs spent their days plowing, planting, harvesting, and even making wine.
12.Women cared for the children, made cloth, tended the vegetable garden, and took
care of the smaller animals.
13.The only “fun” days the serfs had were holidays. The entire manor would celebrate
with dancing, feasting, and tournaments. There were about 100 “holy days” each
year.
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